Ordinary Least Squares

Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is a linear regression method. It minimizes root mean square errors.


Univariate

Given one independent variable and one dependent (outcome) variable, the OLS model is specified as:

model.svg

It is estimated as:

estimate.svg

This model describes (1) the mean observation and (2) the marginal changes to the outcome per unit changes in the independent variable.

The derivation can be seen here.


Multivariate

Given k independent variables, the OLS model is specified as:

mmodel.svg

It is estimated as:

mestimate.svg

More conventionally, this is estimated with linear algebra as:

matrix.svg

The derivation can be seen here.


Estimated Coefficients

The Gauss-Markov theorem demonstrates that (with some assumptions) the OLS estimations are the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE) for the regression coefficients. The assumptions are:

  1. Linearity
  2. Exogeneity, i.e. predictors are independent of the outcome and the error term
  3. Random sampling
  4. No perfect multicolinearity

  5. Homoskedasticity, i.e. error terms are constant across observations

#5 mostly comes into the estimation of standard errors, and there are alternative estimators that are robust to heteroskedasticity.


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Statistics/OrdinaryLeastSquares (last edited 2025-05-17 03:48:23 by DominicRicottone)