Philip V
Philip V (Felipe or Philippe) was king of Spain.
History
Philip was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and grandson of Louis XIV. As third-in-line, he was duke of Anjou.
Per Louis' marriage to Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV, and because the Spanish crown was inheritable through the female line, Philip was the favored heir of the childless Charles II. When he died in 1700, in accordance with his will, the Spanish nobility offered the crown to Philip. Louis accepted on behalf of his ward.
Reign
Accepting the Spanish crown sparked the War of Spanish Succession, which would characterize much of Philip's reign. While his claim was reinforced by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, he was also forced to renounce his claim to the French crown. Spain was furthermore forced to cede it's territories in Italy to Austria and Savoy, and to cede Gibraltar and Minorca to England. England also received a monopoly over the slave trade in the Spanish colonies.
Philip reformed and centralized the Spanish kingdom through the Decretos de Nueva Planta (Nueva Planta decrees). The constituent realms of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Majorca were formally abolished, along with their courts and administrative institutions. The corresponding internal tariffs were also abolished. Law codes were standardized to Castile's, and castellano (henceforward known as español or Spanish) became the national language. All administration was moved to Madrid. The right to trade with Spanish colonies, which previously had been exclusive to citizens of Castile, was expanded to all of Spain.
By 1717, Philip was positioning himself to renege on the treaty. He invaded and quickly captured Sardinia, then Sicily, then a significant portion of the Italian peninsula. In part, he took advantage of the ongoing war between the Austrians and Ottomans. Within a year though, Charles VI managed to make peace on his eastern front and turned towards the west. He formed a Quadruple Alliance with Louis XV, George I, and Heinsius. Losing the War of the Quadruple Alliance finally forced Philip to finally abandon these claims.
Probably due to mental illness, Philip abdicated in favor of his son Louis in 1724. His son died within the year, however, and Philip returned to the throne.