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| In 1282, Charles launched a conquest of peninsular southern Italy. The '''War of the Sicilian Vespers''' widened when Peter III, king of [[Spain/Monarchs#Iberian_Kingdoms|Aragon]], joined the cause of rebelling Sicilian nobles. The '''Peace of Caltabellotta''' of 1302 settled the conflict and granted the island of Sicily to Peter. He ruled the new '''kingdom of Trinacria''' (but still informally known as Sicily) as Peter I. | In 1282, Charles launched a conquest of peninsular Italy. The '''War of the Sicilian Vespers''' widened when Peter III, king of [[Spain/Monarchs#Iberian_Kingdoms|Aragon]], joined the cause of rebelling Sicilian nobles. The '''Peace of Caltabellotta''' of 1302 settled the conflict and granted the island of Sicily to Peter. He ruled the new '''kingdom of Trinacria''' (but still informally known as Sicily) as Peter I. |
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| [[Spain/Monarchs#Iberian_Kingdoms|Alfonso V]] reunited Sicily and Naples through conquest in 1442. A decades-long conflict known as the [[WorldHistory/ItalianWars|Italian Wars]] ensued. Finally, the '''Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis''' in 1559 saw [[France/Monarchs#Valois|Henry II]] abandon the claim. | The heir to the throne traditionally held the '''duchy of Calabria'''. '''Joanna II''' died in 1435 without children, ending the Capetian dynasty. She appointed '''René I''', duke of Anjou, as her heir. [[Spain/Monarchs#Iberian_Kingdoms|Alfonso V]] however conquered the kingdom in 1442, reuniting it with Sicily. A decades-long conflict known as the [[WorldHistory/ItalianWars|Italian Wars]] ensued. Finally, the '''Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis''' in 1559 saw [[France/Monarchs#Valois|Henry II]] abandon the claim. |
Italian Monarchs
A history of Italian monarchs.
Contents
Kingdom of Italy
The kingdom of Italy was a successor state to Middle Francia.
In 961, Otto I conquered the kingdom and claimed the title for himself. From then until the death of Charles V, the crowns of Germany and Italy were held as an elective union.
Duchy of Savoy
The county of Savoy was a minor member of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1416, Sigismund raised Amadeus VIII to duke of Savoy.
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The Savoyards finally claimed a royal title in the kingdom of Sicily, which Spain ceded to in the Treaty of Utrecht,
Kingdom of Sicily
Throughout the 11th century, Norman mercenaries (who had been employed by the Byzantines) began to occupy the island of Sicily. Roger II declared a kingdom of Sicily in 1130. He secured recognition from Antipope Anacletus II, and therefore became embroiled in his conflict with Innocent II. Only in 1139, after years of armed conflict (mainly against Lothair III), did Innocent recognize the kingdom through the Treaty of Mignano.
In 1194, Henry VI invaded the kingdom and deposed William III. He made his wife, Constance I, queen regnant. Just a few years later in 1197, Henry died and his three year old son Frederick I inherited. Henry's brother Philip II was instead recognized as king of Germany, and Constance negotiated with him to ensure that Frederick retained the crown of Sicily even while giving up his claim to the Holy Roman Empire. Neighboring powers capitalized on the instability. Elvira, the sister and heiress of the deposed William, married Walter III, count of Brienne, who then pressed his wife's claim. Conflict continued until 1207. Frederick was made Holy Roman Emperor in 1220, dividing his attention between the two realms. Innocent III attempted in 1228 to recapture Sicily through the War of the Keys. In 1245 at the Council of Lyon, Innocent IV excommunicated Frederick and declared him deposed. While his hold on Germany was shaken, Sicily remained firmly his. Even after his death in 1250, and his second son Conrad I inherited the cause, Sicily was the one reliable power base.
Innocent IV (and his successors, Alexander IV and Urban IV) created rival claims to entice other kingdoms into deposing the Hohenstaufens. First he extended this offer to Henry III, with the intent of creating Henry's younger son Edmund the king. After a few years, he shifted the offer to Charles I. At the same time, the Hohenstaufen claim had severely weakened due to a series of deaths. Frederick died in 1250, leaving his claims to his second son, Conrad I; but Conrad then also died in 1254. His young son, Conradin, was soon usurped by an illegitimate son of Frederick, Manfred. The latter was captured and executed by Charles in 1266; the former in 1268.
In 1282, Charles launched a conquest of peninsular Italy. The War of the Sicilian Vespers widened when Peter III, king of Aragon, joined the cause of rebelling Sicilian nobles. The Peace of Caltabellotta of 1302 settled the conflict and granted the island of Sicily to Peter. He ruled the new kingdom of Trinacria (but still informally known as Sicily) as Peter I.
Kingdom of Naples
In 1282, Charles I launched a conquest of southern Italy. The War of the Sicilian Vespers widened when Peter III, king of Aragon, joined the cause of rebelling Sicilian nobles. The Peace of Caltabellotta of 1302 settled the conflict and granted peninsular southern Italy to Charles. This realm became known as the kingdom of Naples.
The heir to the throne traditionally held the duchy of Calabria.
Joanna II died in 1435 without children, ending the Capetian dynasty. She appointed René I, duke of Anjou, as her heir. Alfonso V however conquered the kingdom in 1442, reuniting it with Sicily. A decades-long conflict known as the Italian Wars ensued. Finally, the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 saw Henry II abandon the claim.
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
The kingdom of Sardinia, which had been a Spanish territory since James II of Aragon, was exchanged to Austria through the Treaty of Utrecht. The subsequent Treaty of the Hague forced Victor Amadeus II to trade the kingdom of Sicily for Sardinia.
The personal union of Savoy and Sardinia would be cemented by the Perfect Fusion in 1847 under Charles Albert.
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Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
The kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia was established by the Congress of Vienna. As heir to the rights of the duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice, Francis I was made king. Viceroys were appointed to manage the kingdom, and they ruled exclusively from Milan and Venice.
Under Franz Joseph, the kingdom rapidly disintegrated. He was forced to cede Lombardy to the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in the Treaty of Zurich. Ultimately Sardinia seized the entire kingdom in the Third War of Independence.
Note that following the second War of Independence, the viceroys were replaced with a governor-general.
Kingdom of Italy
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