= Yugoslavia = '''Yugoslavia''' was a historic kingdom and federated republic that has since devolved into separate republics: [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], [[BosniaHerzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[NorthMacedonia|Macedonia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], and [[Kosovo]]. <> ---- == History == Yugoslavia emerged from pan-Slavic nationalism within the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. During the [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]] peace negotiations, nationalists declared a '''State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs'''. The [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]] wrapped them into the [[Serbia/Monarchs#Principality_and_Kingdom_of_Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]] to form a new '''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes'''. The official name became '''Kingdom of Yugoslavia''' in 1929. On March 27th, 1941, King '''Peter II''' overthrew the [[WorldHistory/Axis|Axis-aligned]] regency of [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/Paul|Paul]]. [[Germany/AdolfHitler|Germany]] [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2#Yugoslavia|invaded]] in retaliation. Many border lands were seize by the Axis powers. The remainder was partitioned into: * the '''Italian governorate of Montenegro''', an Italian puppet; * the '''Independent State of Croatia''', fascist government led by [[Croatia/AntePavelic|Pavelić]]; and * the '''Government of National Salvation''' in Serbia, a German puppet. There were two significant resistance groups within Yugoslavia: * [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/JosipBrozTito|Tito]] led the communist '''National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia''' or '''Yugoslav Partisans''' * [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/DrazaMihailovic|Mihailović]] led the royalist '''Chetniks''' * they eventually shifted towards collaboration with the Axis After the war, Tito led the new '''Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia'''. With the 1963 constitution, the name officially changed to '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia'''. Tito died on May 4, 1980. The chair of the presidency council began to rotate among members, and no singular statesman ever achieved a similar degree of power. When [[Croatia/StjepanMesic|Mesić]] became chair, he ceased to attend meetings. The members from [[Slovenia/Democratization#Yugoslavia|Slovenia]] and [[NorthMacedonia/Democratization#Yugoslavia|Macedonia]] similarly abandoned government, leaving just [[Serbia/SlobodanMilosevic|Milošević]] and his supporters. This effectively ended the executive power of Yugoslavia. The [[WorldHistory/YugoslavWars|Yugoslav Wars]] proceeded from here. ---- == Structure == Following [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|World War 2]], Yugoslavia was a confederation of republics and autonomous provinces. This federated state of nations would remain, which each electing their own assemblies and sending their own representatives to the federal government. === Executive === [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/JosipBrozTito|Tito]] was the general secretary of the '''League of Communists of Yugoslavia''' and was the effective head of state. In 1963, a new constitution was written which established a '''presidency council'''. The council included three members from each republic, two members from each autonomous province, and Tito as party leader. (Total of 23 members.) He chaired the presidency permanently. In 1974, this was reduced to one member from each republic and autonomous province, plus Tito, for a total of 9 members. Following Tito's death, the permanent seat and permanent chair positions were not replaced. The council began to rotate the chair every 6 months. === Legislature === The '''Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia''' had a bicameral federal parliament called the '''National Assembly''', with a '''Federal Council''' and a '''Council of Peoples'''. In 1953, the constitution was amended to reorganize the legislature into the '''Federal People's Assembly''', with a Federal Council and the '''Council of Producers'''. The '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' had a pentacameral federal parliament called the '''Federal Assembly'''. The chambers were: * Federal Council * four bureaucratic chambers * Economic Council * Educational-Cultural Council * Social-Health Council * Organization-Political Council In 1967, the '''Council of Nations''' was extricated from the Federal Council to be the sixth chamber. One year later, the Federal Council was merged into the Council of Nations. ---- == Political Parties == Under the [[Serbia/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia|kingdom of Yugoslavia]], there was limited competition of political parties. In particular, the '''League of Communists of Yugoslavia''' was banned. Following [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|World War 2]], Yugoslavia was a single-party state under the aforementioned League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The party was led by a pair of '''political secretaries''' and '''organizational secretaries''' until 1936, when the two were consolidated into the position of '''general secretary'''. In 1990, the delegations from [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] walked out of the party convention. (Note the proximity to [[Croatia/StjepanMesic|Croatia]] abandoning the presidency council.) The national republics then began to develop multi-party systems, and organized elections for later that year. ---- CategoryRicottone CategoryState