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| During the [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]] peace negotiations, nationalists declared a '''State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs'''. This was quickly merged into the [[Serbia/Monarchs#Principality_and_Kingdom_of_Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]] to form a new '''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes'''. | During the [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]] peace negotiations, nationalists declared a '''State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs'''. This was quickly merged into the [[Serbia/Monarchs#Principality_and_Kingdom_of_Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]] to form a new '''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes'''. The '''League of Communists of Yugoslavia''' participated in the short-lived republic but was banned by the kingdom. |
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| On March 27th, 1941, King Peter II overthrew the [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|pro-Axis]] regency of Prince Paul. [[Germany/AdolfHitler|Hitler]] responded with a land and air invasion; [[Italy|Italian]], [[Hungary/Monarchs#The_Regency|Hungarian]], and [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] forces then joined the invasion. Many border regions were seized by [[Germany]], Hungary, and Bulgaria; Italy seized much of the Dalmatian coast. The remainder was partitioned into the '''Italian governorate of Montenegro''', the '''Independent State of Croatia''', and the '''Government of National Salvation''' in Serbia. | On March 27th, 1941, King Peter II overthrew the [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|pro-Axis]] regency of Prince Paul. [[Germany/AdolfHitler|Hitler]] responded with a land and air invasion; [[Italy|Italian]], [[Hungary/Monarchs#The_Regency|Hungarian]], and [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] forces then joined the invasion. Many border regions were seized by [[Germany]], Hungary, and Bulgaria; Italy seized much of the Dalmatian coast. The remainder was partitioned into the '''Italian governorate of Montenegro''', the '''Independent State of Croatia''', and the '''Government of National Salvation''' in Serbia. [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/JosipBrozTito|Tito]] led the '''National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia''', generally known as the '''Yugoslav Partisans''', against these client states. |
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| The '''National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia''', generally known as the '''Yugoslav Partisans''', forced out the fascist occupations. | Tito led the new '''Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia''' as general secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Note that the office of 'general secretary' was known as 'political secretary' until 1936; both are distinguished from the office of the 'organizational secretary'. The official name became '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' in 1963 after constitutional reforms. In 1966, the League's offices of general secretary and political secretary, and indeed the entire secretariat, were abolished. A presidency council was formed to hold executive power. It composed of 3 members from each republic and two members from each autonomous province (for a total of 22), and was chaired by the president of the League (Tito). In 1974 this was reduced to one member from each republic and autonomous province (for a new total of 9), though still was chaired by the president of the League (Tito). Tito died on May 4, 1980. The presidency council began to rotate the chair among members. In 1990, the delegations from [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] walked out of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia convention. Each republic began to develop multi-party systems, and organized elections for later that year. [[Croatia/StjepanMesic|Mesić]] came to hold the rotating chair of the presidency. He ceased to attend meetings, alongside the members from Slovenia and [[NorthMacedonia|Macedonia]], leaving just [[Serbia/SlobodanMilosevic|Milošević]] and his supporters. The Yugoslav presidency effectively ceased to be. Slovenia and Croatia formally declared independence on June 25th, 1991. This led into the '''Ten Day War''' from June 27th through July 7th. The '''Brijuni Agreement''' established an armistice during which declarations of independence were frozen but the Yugoslav army had to vacate the relevant territories. Subsequent negotiations revealed the futility of re-establishing a sovereign Yugoslavian state. Macedonia and [[BosniaHerzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] held referenda that ultimately led them to also secede. Most of these new states then suffered from separatist movements by ethnic Serbs that sought reunification. |
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a kingdom and socialist state in the Balkan region.
Contents
History
Yugoslavia emerged from pan-Slavic nationalism within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
During the World War 1 peace negotiations, nationalists declared a State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. This was quickly merged into the Kingdom of Serbia to form a new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia participated in the short-lived republic but was banned by the kingdom.
The official name became Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.
On March 27th, 1941, King Peter II overthrew the pro-Axis regency of Prince Paul. Hitler responded with a land and air invasion; Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian forces then joined the invasion. Many border regions were seized by Germany, Hungary, and Bulgaria; Italy seized much of the Dalmatian coast. The remainder was partitioned into the Italian governorate of Montenegro, the Independent State of Croatia, and the Government of National Salvation in Serbia. Tito led the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, generally known as the Yugoslav Partisans, against these client states.
Tito led the new Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia as general secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Note that the office of 'general secretary' was known as 'political secretary' until 1936; both are distinguished from the office of the 'organizational secretary'.
The official name became Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963 after constitutional reforms.
In 1966, the League's offices of general secretary and political secretary, and indeed the entire secretariat, were abolished. A presidency council was formed to hold executive power. It composed of 3 members from each republic and two members from each autonomous province (for a total of 22), and was chaired by the president of the League (Tito). In 1974 this was reduced to one member from each republic and autonomous province (for a new total of 9), though still was chaired by the president of the League (Tito).
Tito died on May 4, 1980. The presidency council began to rotate the chair among members.
In 1990, the delegations from Slovenia and Croatia walked out of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia convention. Each republic began to develop multi-party systems, and organized elections for later that year.
Mesić came to hold the rotating chair of the presidency. He ceased to attend meetings, alongside the members from Slovenia and Macedonia, leaving just Milošević and his supporters. The Yugoslav presidency effectively ceased to be.
Slovenia and Croatia formally declared independence on June 25th, 1991. This led into the Ten Day War from June 27th through July 7th. The Brijuni Agreement established an armistice during which declarations of independence were frozen but the Yugoslav army had to vacate the relevant territories. Subsequent negotiations revealed the futility of re-establishing a sovereign Yugoslavian state. Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina held referenda that ultimately led them to also secede. Most of these new states then suffered from separatist movements by ethnic Serbs that sought reunification.