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The '''Ottoman Empire''' was a vast and long-lived empire in the Mediterranean. [[Turkey/Democratization|Turkey]] is a successor state but is far removed from the imperial state it succeeded. |
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| ---- | '''Ertuğrul''' rose to prominence in the '''Sultanate of Rum''' as a military commander, likely in service to '''Kayqubad I'''. He was granted a hereditary title of ''uch bey'' (''marcher lord'') and given command of '''Söğüt''', near the border with the [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantine Empire]]. |
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| His son, [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/OsmanI|Osman I]], rapidly expanded the ''beylik'' into Byzantine lands. Following the fall of '''Mesud II''', and with the support of several neighboring beyliks, he was declared ''padishah'' and sultan. | |
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| [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/BayezidI|Bayezid I]] expanded the empire to the west, importantly including the conquest of [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#Second_Bulgarian_Empire|Bulgaria]] and repelling the [[Hungary/Sigismund|Crusade of Nicopolis]]. But to the east, he was defeated and captured by [[WorldHistory/TimuridEmpire/Timur|Timur]]. He died in captivity in 1403, triggering the '''Ottoman Interregnum'''. | |
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| == Military Structure == | '''Mehmed I''' re-united the empire by 1413, and his son '''Murad II''' restarted the imperial expansion in every direction. After repelling the [[Poland/WladyslawIII|Crusade of Varna]], he negotiated the '''Treaty of Edirne''' and '''Peace of Szeged''', and finally abdicated the throne to his son '''Mehmed II'''. [[Hungary/JohnHunyadi|Hunyadi]] however was not dissuaded by peace, and continued to wage war. Murad was thus forced to reclaim the throne and finally brought peace to the west through the '''Battle of Kosovo''' in 1448. He continued to wage wars against the Timurid and [[Albania|Albanians]] up to his death in 1451. |
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| The core of the Ottoman military were the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Janissaries|Janissaries]]. | Mehmed II again succeeded the throne, and in 1453 he conquered Constantinople, made it his capital, and ended the Byzantine Empire. [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/SuleimanI|Suleiman I]] conquered most of [[Hungary/Monarchs#Principality_of_Transylvania|Hungary]]. TODO: learn more history! |
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| == Administrative Structure == | == Structure == |
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| In the early era, the empire was divided into '''eyalets''' (''ایالت'', literally "states") led by '''beylerbeys''' (''بكلربكی'', literally "bey of beys"). Sometimes they were called ''beylerbeyliks'' instead. Note that ''pasha'' (alternatively ''basha'', ''پاشا'') was a military honor rather than an administrative title, but pasha who also were beylerbeys sometimes referred to their realms as ''pashaliks''. | The Ottoman Empire was [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Monarchs|monarchical]]. There were however several mechanisms to keep rival claimants weak. * At age 12, a shahzade was sent to a remote [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Sanjaks|sanjak]] to develop experience. Upon the death of the padishah, the first shahzade to return to [[Turkey/Istanbul|Istanbul]] would inherit, and the rest would usually be killed. * '''Murad IV''' established the practice of '''kafe''' (''cage''). All claimants (including but not limited to sons) were confined to the palace under house arrest, and were only allowed to interact with the imperial harem. |
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| Eyalets were subdivided into '''sanjak''' (''سنجاق'', literally "flag") led by '''sanjak-beys''' (alternatively ''sanjaq-'' or ''-beg'', ''سنجاق بك''). | The empire originally was subdivided into administrative [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Eyalets|eyalets]], although these were reorganized into [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets|vilayets]] in the '''Tanzimat reforms''' era. |
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| Conquered nations were forced to convert to Islam, subjected to serfdom, and pay their sons to the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Janissaries|devshirme system]]. Following the '''Tanzimat reforms''', the empire was redivided into '''vilayets''' (''ولایت'', literally "province") led by '''vali''' (from the title ''wāli'' (''والي'') used in the wider Islamic sphere). The '''Millet system''' also emerged, which granted a degree of freedom of religion. === Eyalet of Rumelia === The most powerful eyalet was '''Rumelia''', encompassing all European lands of the empire. (Essentially the Balkans.) Until the capture of [[Turkey/Istanbul|Constantinople]], [[Turkey/Edirne|Adrianople]] served as the capital of both Rumelia and the empire. This eyalet was reorganized into the '''vilayet of Salonica''' in 1867. |
Conquered nations were forced to convert to Islam, subjected to serfdom, and pay their sons to the '''devshirme''' system. These forced recruits either served in the military, as '''Janissaries''', or in the bureaucracy. |
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| CategoryRicottone | CategoryRicottone CategoryState CategoryEmpire CategoryTodoLearnHistory |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a vast and long-lived empire in the Mediterranean. Turkey is a successor state but is far removed from the imperial state it succeeded.
Contents
History
Ertuğrul rose to prominence in the Sultanate of Rum as a military commander, likely in service to Kayqubad I. He was granted a hereditary title of uch bey (marcher lord) and given command of Söğüt, near the border with the Byzantine Empire.
His son, Osman I, rapidly expanded the beylik into Byzantine lands. Following the fall of Mesud II, and with the support of several neighboring beyliks, he was declared padishah and sultan.
Bayezid I expanded the empire to the west, importantly including the conquest of Bulgaria and repelling the Crusade of Nicopolis. But to the east, he was defeated and captured by Timur. He died in captivity in 1403, triggering the Ottoman Interregnum.
Mehmed I re-united the empire by 1413, and his son Murad II restarted the imperial expansion in every direction. After repelling the Crusade of Varna, he negotiated the Treaty of Edirne and Peace of Szeged, and finally abdicated the throne to his son Mehmed II. Hunyadi however was not dissuaded by peace, and continued to wage war. Murad was thus forced to reclaim the throne and finally brought peace to the west through the Battle of Kosovo in 1448. He continued to wage wars against the Timurid and Albanians up to his death in 1451.
Mehmed II again succeeded the throne, and in 1453 he conquered Constantinople, made it his capital, and ended the Byzantine Empire.
Suleiman I conquered most of Hungary.
TODO: learn more history!
Structure
The Ottoman Empire was monarchical. There were however several mechanisms to keep rival claimants weak.
At age 12, a shahzade was sent to a remote sanjak to develop experience. Upon the death of the padishah, the first shahzade to return to Istanbul would inherit, and the rest would usually be killed.
Murad IV established the practice of kafe (cage). All claimants (including but not limited to sons) were confined to the palace under house arrest, and were only allowed to interact with the imperial harem.
The empire originally was subdivided into administrative eyalets, although these were reorganized into vilayets in the Tanzimat reforms era.
Conquered nations were forced to convert to Islam, subjected to serfdom, and pay their sons to the devshirme system. These forced recruits either served in the military, as Janissaries, or in the bureaucracy.
CategoryRicottone CategoryState CategoryEmpire CategoryTodoLearnHistory