Ottoman Eyalets
The Ottoman Empire was divided into eyalets (ایالت, literally "states") led by beylerbeys (بكلربكی, literally "bey of beys"). Sometimes eyalets were called beylerbeyliks instead. Note that pasha (پاشا, alternatively basha or paşa) was a military honor rather than an administrative title, but pasha who also were beylerbeys sometimes referred to their realms as pashaliks.
Eyalets were subdivided into sanjak (سنجاق, literally "flag") led by sanjak-beys (سنجاق بك, alternatively sanjaq- or -beg).
Rumelia
The most powerful eyalet was Rumelia, encompassing all European lands of the empire. (Essentially the Balkans.) Until the capture of Constantinople, Adrianople served as the capital of both Rumelia and the empire.
Rumelia was reformed into the vilayet of Salonica in 1867.
Egypt
After the Mamluk Sultanate was subjugated, the core territories were retained as a single administrative unit. The mamluk class retained significant power and the eyalet often operated like a vassalized state rather than a province.
The Napoleonic Wars saw the African territory of Egypt occupied and sacked. Muhammad Ali reconquered Egypt from the French and, in 1805, declared himself khedive (خديوي, lord). While the Ottomans never recognized this claim, they did grant him the title wali and allowed general autonomy. In 1839, he invaded the Damascus eyalet, which he had been promised governorship over as compensation for assisting in the Greek Revolution. This sparked the Egyptian-Ottoman War. While Muhammad Ali was quickly forced to retreat from Syria, the peace terms formally recognized Egypt as a vassal state rather than a province.
On the Arabian peninsula, the Wahhabi people rebelled and had established effective control by 1803. Muhammad Ali was appointed governorship over the Habesh eyalet and charged with putting down the rebellion, which he accomplished by 1827. Much later, when the Arabian territories of the Habesh eyalet were reorganized into the vilayet of the Hejaz, the African territories are formally reapportioned to vassalized Egypt.
Damascus
After the Mamluk Sultanate was subjugated, most of the mamlakat (Mamluk provinces) in Syria were reorganized as the Damascus eyalet, centered on Damascus.
In 1579 Tripoli was split into its own eyalet.
The eyalet was reformed into the vilayet of Syria in 1867, re-merging with both Aleppo and Tripoli.
Aleppo
After the Mamluk Sultanate was subjugated, the expansive Aleppo mamlakat (Mamluk provinces) was reorganized as the Aleppo eyalet.
In 1867, Tripoli was re-merged with Damascus in the vilayet of Syria.
Tripoli
In 1579, the Tripoli eyalet was established by splitting Tripoli from the Damascus eyalet.
In 1867, Tripoli was re-merged with Damascus in the vilayet of Syria.
Habesh
After the Mamluk Sultanate was subjugated, the Ottomans began to push into the Ethiopian Empire. The occupied territories, which largely were just port towns on the Red Sea, were organized as the Habesh eyalet (from the exonym Abyssinia).
Jeddah served as the capital city; as a result, it is also variably referred to as the eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh.
On the Arabian peninsula, the Wahhabi people rebelled and had established effective control by 1803. Muhammad Ali was appointed a temporary governorship and charged with putting down the rebellion, which effectively joined Egypt and Habesh. In 1867, the Arabian territories were reformed into the vilayet of the Hejaz, while the African territories were formally reapportioned to Egypt.
Yemen
Yemen was reformed into the vilayet of Yemen in 1872.