= Ottoman Eyalets = The Ottoman Empire was divided into '''eyalets''' (''ایالت'', literally "states") led by '''beylerbeys''' (''بكلربكی'', literally "bey of beys"). Sometimes eyalets were called ''beylerbeyliks'' instead. Note that pasha (''پاشا'', alternatively ''basha'' or ''paşa'') was a military honor rather than an administrative title, but pasha who also were beylerbeys sometimes referred to their realms as ''pashaliks''. Eyalets were subdivided into '''sanjak''' (''سنجاق'', literally "flag") led by '''sanjak-beys''' (''سنجاق بك'', alternatively ''sanjaq-'' or ''-beg''). <> ---- == Rumelia == The most powerful eyalet was '''Rumelia''', encompassing all European lands of the empire. (Essentially the Balkans.) Until the capture of [[Turkey/Istanbul|Constantinople]], [[Turkey/Edirne|Adrianople]] served as the capital of both Rumelia and the empire. Rumelia was reformed into the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Salonica|vilayet of Salonica]] in 1867. ---- == Egypt == After the [[Egypt/Monarchs#Mamluk_Sultanat|Mamluk Sultanate]] was subjugated, the core territories were retained as a single administrative unit. The mamluk class retained significant power and the eyalet often operated like a vassalized state rather than a province. The [[WorldHistory/NapoleonicWars|Napoleonic Wars]] saw the African territory of Egypt occupied and sacked. [[Egypt/MuhammadAli|Muhammad Ali]] reconquered Egypt from the French and, in 1805, declared himself '''khedive''' (خديوي, ''lord''). While the Ottomans never recognized this claim, they did grant him the title [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets|wali]] and allowed general autonomy. In 1839, he invaded the Damascus eyalet, which he had been promised governorship over as compensation for assisting in the [[Greece/Democratization#First_Hellenic_Republic|Greek Revolution]]. This sparked the [[WorldHistory/EgyptianOttomanWar|Egyptian-Ottoman War]]. While Muhammad Ali was quickly forced to retreat from Syria, the peace terms formally recognized Egypt as a [[Egypt/Monarchs#Khedivate_of_Egypt|vassal state]] rather than a province. On the Arabian peninsula, the '''Wahhabi''' people rebelled and had established effective control by 1803. Muhammad Ali was appointed governorship over the Habesh eyalet and charged with putting down the rebellion, which he accomplished by 1827. Much later, when the Arabian territories of the Habesh eyalet were reorganized into the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Hejaz|vilayet of the Hejaz]], the African territories are formally reapportioned to vassalized Egypt. ---- == Damascus == After the [[Egypt/Monarchs#Mamluk_Sultanat|Mamluk Sultanate]] was subjugated, most of the '''mamlakat''' (''Mamluk provinces'') in Syria were reorganized as the '''Damascus eyalet''', centered on [[Syria/Damascus|Damascus]]. In 1579 [[Lebanon/Tripoli|Tripoli]] was split into its own eyalet. The eyalet was reformed into the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Syria|vilayet of Syria]] in 1867, re-merging with both Aleppo and Tripoli. ---- == Aleppo == After the [[Egypt/Monarchs#Mamluk_Sultanat|Mamluk Sultanate]] was subjugated, the expansive [[Syria/Aleppo|Aleppo]] '''mamlakat''' (''Mamluk provinces'') was reorganized as the '''Aleppo eyalet'''. In 1867, Tripoli was re-merged with Damascus in the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Syria|vilayet of Syria]]. ---- == Tripoli == In 1579, the '''Tripoli eyalet''' was established by splitting [[Lebanon/Tripoli|Tripoli]] from the Damascus eyalet. In 1867, Tripoli was re-merged with Damascus in the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Syria|vilayet of Syria]]. ---- == Habesh == After the [[Egypt/Monarchs#Mamluk_Sultanat|Mamluk Sultanate]] was subjugated, the Ottomans began to push into the [[Ethiopia/Monarchs#Ethiopian_Empire|Ethiopian Empire]]. The occupied territories, which largely were just port towns on the Red Sea, were organized as the '''Habesh eyalet''' (from the exonym ''Abyssinia''). [[SaudiArabia/Jeddah|Jeddah]] served as the capital city; as a result, it is also variably referred to as the '''eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh'''. On the Arabian peninsula, the '''Wahhabi''' people rebelled and had established effective control by 1803. Muhammad Ali was appointed a temporary governorship and charged with putting down the rebellion, which effectively joined Egypt and Habesh. In 1867, the Arabian territories were reformed into the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Hejaz|vilayet of the Hejaz]], while the African territories were formally reapportioned to [[Egypt/Monarchs#Khedivate_of_Egypt|Egypt]]. ---- == Yemen == Yemen was reformed into the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Yemen|vilayet of Yemen]] in 1872. ---- CategoryRicottone CategoryTodoLearnGovernment