= Tory Party = The '''Tory Party''' was a [[UnitedKingdom/PoliticalParties|political party]] (or two) in the [[UnitedKingdom/Democratization|United Kingdom]]. <> ---- == History == The first party emerged during the reign of [[UnitedKingdom/CharlesII|Charles II]] and particularly through the '''Exclusion Crisis'''. The [[UnitedKingdom/Parliament|Parliament]] sought to bar [[UnitedKingdom/JamesII|James, Duke of York]] from succession on the basis of his Catholic faith. Nationalist Scots rallied around this cause, creating a pervasive 'rebel' identity known as '''Tories'''. While some Tories did win election to the Commons (or more commonly, [[EnglandInTheAgeOfTheAmericanRevolution|bought pocket boroughs]] to sit in the Lords), there was no centralized political body to coordinate these politicians, and the 'party' remained on the fringe of governance. While the [[UnitedKingdom/WhigParty|Whigs]] ultimately were defeated on this parliamentary issue, Charles' victory was simultaneously a defeating blow to the Tory platform, as centralization of the crown's over faith necessarily vested royal power into the Anglican Church. Furthermore, civil unrest forced the issue again upon succession; and forced even some Tories, such as [[UnitedKingdom/JohnChurchill|Churchill]], to join in the '''Glorious Revolution''' and the deposition of James II. The reign of [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamIII|William]] and [[UnitedKingdom/MaryII|Mary]] saw both Tories and Whigs invited into mixed government. Particularly through the crown's fatigue with the [[WorldHistory/WarOfSpanishSuccession|War of Spanish Succession]], a '''Whig Junto''' (i.e., [[UnitedKingdom/JohnSomers|Somers]], [[UnitedKingdom/CharlesMontagu|Montagu]], [[UnitedKingdom/ThomasWharton|Wharton]], and [[UnitedKingdom/EdwardRussell|Russell]]) entered power. Only the 'moderate' Tories, Churchill and [[UnitedKingdom/SidneyGodolphin|Godolphin]], remained in ministry. This arrangement radicalized the wider Tory Party, and pushed the '''Country Whigs''' led by [[UnitedKingdom/RobertHarley|Harley]] to merge into the Tory Party. The party finally rose to prominence under [[UnitedKingdom/Anne|Anne]]. In 1710, in the context of the '''Sacheverell riots''', she dissolved the Whig Junto government and appointed a Tory government led by Harley and [[UnitedKingdom/HenryStJohn|St John]]. The '''Treaty of Utrecht''' was pushed through the Parliament over Whig opposition by the rapid creation of new Tory peerages. The party was entirely sidelined during the reign of [[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeI|George I]]. Whig dominance became so stable that politics were largely a reflection of factional divisions within that party. Jacobite sympathies became pervasive in the party, and following a failed rebellion in 1716, the party became politically minimal. Some Tories returned to prominence, such as [[UnitedKingdom/JohnStuart|Stuart]] who had been an advisor and confidante to [[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeIII|George III]] and entered government after his succession. However, they operated entirely within the Whig Party structure. The Whig faction led by [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamPittII|Pitt]] came to be referred to as the second Tory Party, but it was a transient party and an unofficial term. In some important ways, the second party evolved into the modern [[UnitedKingdom/ConservativeParty|Conservative Party]], which itself was founded in the 19th century. ---- CategoryRicottone