= British Monarchs = A history of '''British monarchs'''. Note the deeply-intertwined history of [[Ireland/Monarchs|Irish monarchs]]. <> ---- == Titles and Addresses == Monarchs are addressed as 'your majesty'. The family of monarchs--whether a prince, princess, duke, or duchess--are addressed as 'royal highness'. Dukes and duchesses who are not royal peers are addressed as 'your grace'. As an example, [[UnitedKingdom/ThomasPelhamHolles|Pelham-Holles]] was titled as 'Duke of Newcastle' and addressed as 'your grace'. Marquess, marchioness, earls, countesses, viscounts, viscountesses, barons, and baronesses are all titled as 'lord' or 'lady' and addressed as 'my lord' or 'my lady'. Heirs apparent to such titles also use the title and are addressed accordingly. As an example, [[UnitedKingdom/JohnStuart|Stuart]] was titled as 'Lord Bute' and addressed as 'my lord'. ---- == Kingdom of England == Shortly after [[UnitedKingdom/HenryVIII|Henry]] established the Anglican Church, the [[Ireland/Oireachtas|Parliament of Ireland]] established a '''Kingdom of Ireland''' and appointed the crown to Henry. This established a personal union of the two. The '''Wars of the Roses''' were a series of conflicts between '''Henry VI''' and '''Edward IV'''. The '''house of Lancaster''' was extinguished through the former's death, leaving their claim to '''Henry VII''' and the '''house of Tudor'''. [[UnitedKingdom/ElizabethI|Elizabeth]] died in 1603, leaving [[UnitedKingdom/JamesI|James IV]] of Scotland to inherit the English crown. This established a personal union of the two. ---- == Kingdom of Great Britain == In 1707, [[UnitedKingdom/Anne|Anne]] merged the crowns of England and Scotland into the new '''Kingdom of Great Britain''' through the '''Acts of Union''' (passed by both parliaments). The unicameral Parliament of Scotland was abolished, and the Scottish nobility had elect 16 representative peers from among their number to sit in the [[UnitedKingdom/Parliament|House of Lords]]. ---- == United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland == The Irish Rebellion of 1798 largely was a direct result of Catholic disenfranchisement. Despite the majority of the population being Catholic, only Anglicans were allowed to sit in the [[Ireland/Oireachtas|Parliament of Ireland]]. After the rebellion was crushed, the English sought to bind Ireland tighter to their kingdom. In 1801, [[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeIII|George]] and [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamPittII|Pitt]] merged the crowns of Great Britain and Ireland into the new '''United Kingdom''' through the '''Acts of Union''' (passed by both parliaments). Note that George specifically continued to bar Catholics from Parliament, which would continue until 1829 and the '''Roman Catholic Relief Act'''. ---- == United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland == ---- == Dynasties == === Normandy === In 1066, multiple claimants to the crown emerged. '''Harold Godwinson''' repelled the invasion by '''Harald Hardrada''', but at the '''Battle of Hastings''' was defeated by [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamI|William the Conqueror]], '''duke of Normandy'''. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/WilliamI|William the Conqueror]]||1066 - 1087|| ||William II ||1087 - 1100|| ||Henry I ||1100 - 1135|| === Blois === '''Henry I''' had no male heir. He had intended for the crown to go to his daughter '''Matilda''', who had married '''Geoffrey''', '''count of Anjou'''. His nephew '''Stephen''' instead seized the throne in a coup. In 1153 he recognized Matilda's son, '''Henry II''', as his heir. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Stephen ||1135 - 1154|| === Plantagenet === '''Henry I''' had no male heir. He had intended for the crown to go to his daughter '''Matilda''', who had married '''Geoffrey''', '''count of Anjou'''. His nephew '''Stephen''' instead seized the throne in a coup. In 1153 he recognized Matilda's son, '''Henry II''', as his heir. Henry would succeed him the next year. The '''house of Plantagenet''' is an Angevin house. ''This'' Angevin house was established by '''Geoffrey II''', count of '''Gâtinais''', when he inherited Anjou through the '''house of Ingelger'''. It should not be confused with the [[France/Monarchs#Capetians|Capetian Angevins]]. The Plantagenet-Angevins and Capetians came into conflict over suzerainty and sovereignty. [[France/PhilipII|Philip II]] succeeded in pealing back the duchy of '''Normandy''' and the counties of '''Anjou''', '''Poitiers''', '''Maine''', and '''Nantes'''. [[France/CharlesVII|Charles VII]] finally succeeded in reclaiming all of the titles, namely the duchies of '''Aquitaine''' and '''Gascony''', through the [[WorldHistory/HundredYearsWar|Hundred Years' War]]. With these losses, the Plantagenets became the primary branch of ''this'' Angevin house. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Henry II ||1154 - 1189|| ||Richard I ||1189 - 1199|| ||John ||1199 - 1216|| ||Henry III ||1216 - 1272|| ||Edward I ||1272 - 1307|| ||Edward II ||1307 - 1327|| ||Edward III ||1327 - 1377|| ||Richard II ||1377 - 1399|| === Lancaster === The '''house of Lancaster''' is a cadet branch of the Plantagenets. '''Henry IV''' usurped '''Richard II''' in 1399. The '''Wars of the Roses''' saw power pass between the Lancasters and the '''house of York''' repeatedly during the disputed reigns of '''Henry VI''' and '''Edward IV'''. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign''' || ||Henry IV ||1399 - 1413 || ||Henry V ||1413 - 1422 || ||Henry VI ||1422 - 1461; 1470 - 1471|| === York === The '''house of York''' is a cadet branch of the Plantagenets. '''Henry IV''' usurped '''Richard II''' in 1399. The '''Wars of the Roses''' saw power pass between the Yorks and the '''house of Lancaster''' repeatedly during the disputed reigns of '''Henry VI''' and '''Edward IV'''. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign''' || ||Edward IV ||1461 - 1470; 1471 - 1483|| ||Edward V ||1483 || ||Richard III ||1483 - 1485 || === Tudor === The '''house of Tudor''' claimed descent from '''Edward III''' of the '''Plantagenets'''. '''Henry VII''' inherited the '''Lancaster''' claim and cause; through the '''Battle of Bosworth Field''' he won the '''Wars of the Roses''' and secured the crown. Henry then also married '''Elizabeth''', a daughter of '''Edward IV''', to secure the peace. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||Henry VII ||1485 - 1509|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/HenryVIII|Henry VIII]] ||1509 - 1547|| ||Henry IV ||1547 - 1553|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/MaryI|Mary I]] ||1553 - 1558|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/ElizabethI|Elizabeth I]]||1558 - 1603|| === Stuart === [[UnitedKingdom/JamesI|James I]] inherited the claim of his mother, [[UnitedKingdom/Mary|Mary]]. He succeeded to the throne following the death of his cousin, [[UnitedKingdom/ElizabethI|Elizabeth I]], in 1603. In 1649, [[UnitedKingdom/CharlesI|Charles I]] was executed and no monarch was immediately crowned. [[UnitedKingdom/OliverCromwell|Cromwell]] seized power and reigned for nearly 5 years. The Stuarts were restored to the throne in 1660, when [[UnitedKingdom/CharlesII|Charles II]] returned from exile in [[France/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_France|France]]. [[UnitedKingdom/Parliament|Parliament]] invited [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamIII|William]] to depose [[UnitedKingdom/JamesII|James II]] and co-rule with his wife, [[UnitedKingdom/MaryII|Mary]]. Following this '''Glorious Revolution''', the '''Jacobites''' would continue to claim the throne, but would never successfully press it. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/JamesI|James I]] ||1603 - 1625|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/CharlesI|Charles I]] ||1625 - 1649|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/CharlesII|Charles II]]||1660 - 1685|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/JamesII|James II]] ||1685 - 1688|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/MaryII|Mary II]] ||1688 - 1694|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/Anne|Anne]] ||1702 - 1714|| === Orange === [[UnitedKingdom/Parliament|Parliament]] invited [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamIII|William]] to depose [[UnitedKingdom/JamesII|James II]] and co-rule with his wife, [[UnitedKingdom/MaryII|Mary]]. Through this '''Glorious Revolution''', the [[Netherlands/Monarchs#Orange|house of Orange]] came to England. William outlived Mary by several years, but ultimately had no male heir, so the crown reverted to the '''Stuarts'''. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/WilliamIII|William]]||1689 - 1702|| === Hanover === [[UnitedKingdom/Anne|Anne]] had no heir, so the crown went to [[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeI|George I]]. [[UnitedKingdom/Victoria|Victoria]] married '''Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha'''. As such, their son and heir would inherit as a member of the '''House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha''' instead of Hanover. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeI|George I]] ||1714 - 1727|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeII|George II]] ||1727 - 1760|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeIII|George III]]||1760 - 1820|| ||George IV ||1820 - 1830|| ||William IV ||1830 - 1837|| ||[[UnitedKingdom/Victoria|Victoria]] ||1837 - 1901|| === Saxe-Coburg and Gotha === [[UnitedKingdom/Victoria|Victoria]] married '''Albert''' of the [[Germany/Monarchs#Wettin|house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. Their son '''George V''' was therefore not technically a '''Hanover'''. ||'''Monarch'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Edward VII ||1901 - 1910|| === Windsor === When '''George V''' succeeded the throne in 1910, he adopted a new house name to replace [[Germany/Monarchs#Wettin|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. The new '''house of Windsor''' continues to reign. ||'''Monarch'''||'''Reign'''|| ||George V ||1910 - 1936|| ||Edward VIII ||1936 || ||George VI ||1936 - 1952|| ||Elizabeth II ||1952 - 2022|| ||Charles III ||2022 - || ---- CategoryRicottone