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| Dukes and duchesses who are not royal peers are addressed as 'your grace'. As an example, [[UnitedKingdom/ThomasPelmanHolles|Pelman-Holles]] was titled as 'Duke of Newcastle' and addressed as 'your grace'. | Dukes and duchesses who are not royal peers are addressed as 'your grace'. As an example, [[UnitedKingdom/ThomasPelhamHolles|Pelham-Holles]] was titled as 'Duke of Newcastle' and addressed as 'your grace'. |
British Monarchs
A history of British monarchs.
Note the deeply-intertwined history of Irish monarchs.
Contents
Titles and Addresses
Monarchs are addressed as 'your majesty'.
The family of monarchs--whether a prince, princess, duke, or duchess--are addressed as 'royal highness'.
Dukes and duchesses who are not royal peers are addressed as 'your grace'. As an example, Pelham-Holles was titled as 'Duke of Newcastle' and addressed as 'your grace'.
Marquess, marchioness, earls, countesses, viscounts, viscountesses, barons, and baronesses are all titled as 'lord' or 'lady' and addressed as 'my lord' or 'my lady'. Heirs apparent to such titles also use the title and are addressed accordingly. As an example, Stuart was titled as 'Lord Bute' and addressed as 'my lord'.
Kingdom of England
Shortly after Henry established the Anglican Church, the Parliament of Ireland established a Kingdom of Ireland and appointed the crown to Henry. This established a personal union of the two.
Elizabeth died in 1603, leaving James IV of Scotland to inherit the English crown. This established a personal union of the two.
Kingdom of Great Britain
In 1707, Anne merged the crowns of England and Scotland into the new Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union (passed by both parliaments).
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 largely was a direct result of Catholic disenfranchisement. Despite the majority of the population being Catholic, only Anglicans were allowed to sit in the Parliament of Ireland. After the rebellion was crushed, the English sought to bind Ireland tighter to their kingdom. In 1801, George and Pitt merged the crowns of Great Britain and Ireland into the new United Kingdom through the Acts of Union (passed by both parliaments). Note that George specifically continued to bar Catholics from Parliament, which would continue until 1829 and the Roman Catholic Relief Act.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Dynasties
Plantagenet
Tudor
Stuart
Hanover
Victoria married Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. As such, their son and heir would inherit as a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha instead of Hanover.
Windsor
Edward ascended to the throne and established the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After he died in 1910, GeorgeV renamed it to the House of Windsor.