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| TODO: learn more history! | Mary was the only legitimate child of '''James V'''. Importantly, James was the eldest son of James IV and Margaret, the eldest sister of [[UnitedKingdom/HenryVIII|Henry VIII]]. James died when Mary was less than a week old, so she was effectively queen regnant from birth. '''James Hamilton''', earl of Arran, served as regent. When she was still very young, Hamilton had Mary betrothed to the eldest son of [[France/Monarchs#Valois|Henry II]]. (He was also made duke of Châtellerault in the French peerage.) [[UnitedKingdom/ElizabethI|Elizabeth I]] became queen of [[UnitedKingdom/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Great_Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Ireland/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Ireland|Ireland]] in 1558. As Elizabeth had no children at the time (and in fact would never have children), Mary was heir presumptive. Mary and Francis married that same year, and he ascended to the throne as Francis II the year after. Francis however died in 1560, and she returned to Scotland. In 1565 she married '''Henry Stuart''', her cousin and the eldest son of Matthew Stewart, earl of Lennox. Henry was confirmed as co-ruler but he proved to be deeply unpopular. He was murdered in 1567 in [[UnitedKingdom/Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]. '''James Hepburn''', duke of Orkney and earl of Bothwell, was the primary suspect but ultimately was acquitted. Controversially, Mary married him later that year. This led to a rebellion by the Scottish nobility; Mary was captured and held prisoner at Lochleven Castle while Henry was exiled. Mary was then forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her son, [[UnitedKingdom/JamesI|James VI]], who was less than a year old. '''James Stewart''', earl of Moray and an illegitimate son of James V, served as regent until his assassination in 1571. The '''Marian Civil War''' was then waged between 'King's men' and 'Queen's men'. Mary escaped her imprisonment the next year and fled to Elizabeth's court. She was quickly removed from [[UnitedKingdom/London|London]] and instead hosted by George and [[UnitedKingdom/ElizabethTalbot|Bess Talbot]]. The '''Rising of the North''' broke out in 1569, although it was quickly suppressed. Shortly after, [[WorldHistory/CatholicChurch|Pius V]] excommunicated Elizabeth and declared her deposed, although he did not go so far as to declare Mary the legitimate queen. Elizabeth responded by finally intervening in the Civil War in Scotland. An army was dispatched to complete the Lang Siege of Edinburgh, the last holdout for Mary. In 1586, Mary was tried and convicted of treason. She was sentenced to death and executed the next year. |
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| CategoryTodoLearnHistory CategoryRicottone | CategoryRicottone |
Mary
Mary was queen consort of France and queen of Scotland in her own right. After her forced abdication, she remained an alternative claimant to both the Scottish and English thrones.
History
Mary was the only legitimate child of James V. Importantly, James was the eldest son of James IV and Margaret, the eldest sister of Henry VIII. James died when Mary was less than a week old, so she was effectively queen regnant from birth. James Hamilton, earl of Arran, served as regent. When she was still very young, Hamilton had Mary betrothed to the eldest son of Henry II. (He was also made duke of Châtellerault in the French peerage.)
Elizabeth I became queen of Great Britain and Ireland in 1558. As Elizabeth had no children at the time (and in fact would never have children), Mary was heir presumptive. Mary and Francis married that same year, and he ascended to the throne as Francis II the year after.
Francis however died in 1560, and she returned to Scotland. In 1565 she married Henry Stuart, her cousin and the eldest son of Matthew Stewart, earl of Lennox. Henry was confirmed as co-ruler but he proved to be deeply unpopular. He was murdered in 1567 in Edinburgh. James Hepburn, duke of Orkney and earl of Bothwell, was the primary suspect but ultimately was acquitted. Controversially, Mary married him later that year. This led to a rebellion by the Scottish nobility; Mary was captured and held prisoner at Lochleven Castle while Henry was exiled.
Mary was then forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her son, James VI, who was less than a year old. James Stewart, earl of Moray and an illegitimate son of James V, served as regent until his assassination in 1571. The Marian Civil War was then waged between 'King's men' and 'Queen's men'. Mary escaped her imprisonment the next year and fled to Elizabeth's court. She was quickly removed from London and instead hosted by George and Bess Talbot.
The Rising of the North broke out in 1569, although it was quickly suppressed. Shortly after, Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth and declared her deposed, although he did not go so far as to declare Mary the legitimate queen. Elizabeth responded by finally intervening in the Civil War in Scotland. An army was dispatched to complete the Lang Siege of Edinburgh, the last holdout for Mary.
In 1586, Mary was tried and convicted of treason. She was sentenced to death and executed the next year.