= Charles I = '''Charles I''' was king of [[UnitedKingdom/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_England|England]], Scotland, and [[Ireland/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Ireland|Ireland]]. <> ---- == History == Charles was the second son of [[UnitedKingdom/JamesI|James I]]. He became heir apparent after his elder brother died in 1612. Following the death of his father in 1625, he succeeded the thrones of [[UnitedKingdom/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_England|England]], Scotland, and [[Ireland/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Ireland|Ireland]]. He largely avoided involvement in the [[WorldHistory/ThirtyYearsWar|Thirty Years' War]]. At the same time, he attempted to enforce Anglicanism on Scotland, leading to the '''First Bishops' Wars''' in 1639. Scottish '''Covenanters''' mobilized and occupied northern England, forcing Charles to negotiate the '''Treaty of Berwick'''. He also summoned the Scottish Parliament to ratify the treaty; beyond ratifying it they attempted to establish a limited constitutional monarchy. Charles summoned the so-called '''Short Parliament''' to raise funds for a '''Second Bishops' War'''. This proved ineffective, and they were dismissed after a month. Emboldened by this failure, the Covenanters re-invaded in 1640. The '''Treaty of Ripon''' established a new truce, which was confirmed in the '''Treaty of London'''. While this cemented important concessions for the Covenanters, more importantly it compelled summoning the so-called '''Long Parliament'''. This conflict in Scotland bled into Ireland, where the '''Irish Rebellion''' sparked the '''Eleven Years' War''' between the English and '''Confederate Ireland'''. In 1642, the '''Parliamentarians''' began to call up a militia. They established effective control in [[UnitedKingdom/London|London]], while Charles moved the '''Royalist''' court to [[UnitedKingdom/Oxford|Oxford]]. The '''First English Civil War''' continued in stalemate until 1645, when the '''Battle of Naseby''' was won by the Parliament's new standing army, the '''New Model Army'''. Following negotiations, the Scottish army handed Charles over to the Parliamentarians. A brief '''Second English Civil War''' erupted on Charles' behalf in 1648; it was quickly ended in the '''Battle of Preston'''. Colonel '''Thomas Pride''' commanded a purge of all member of Parliament that were critical of the New Model Army or sympathetic to Charles. [[UnitedKingdom/OliverCromwell|Cromwell]] centralized power over the so-called '''Rump Parliament''' and put Charles on trial for treason. His claims of immunity were dismissed; he was eventually found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed. ---- CategoryRicottone