Turkish Democratization
A history of Turkish democratization.
Ottoman Empire
Turkey emerged from within the crumbling Ottoman Empire during the reign of Mehmed VI.
Following defeat in the First Balkan War, and as Kamil Pasha prepared for peace negotiations, a 1913 coup known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte saw the Committee of Union and Progress seize power. This government was led by the Three Pashas (اوچ پاشالر, or alt. Young Turk Triumvirate): Mehmed Talaat Pasha, Ismail Enver Pasha, and Ahmed Djemal Pasha. They entered World War 1 on the side of Germany and enacted a genocide against Coptic Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Kurds.
The Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities on the eastern front of the war, and an occupation by British, French, and Italian armies. The Treaty of Sèvres included severe concessions. Mustafa Kemal Pasha established a provisional government in Ankara and refused to ratify the treaty; hostilities resumed as the Turkish War of Independence.
On November 1, 1922, The assembly voted to abolish the sultanate, and Mehmed VI fled the country. The Treaty of Lausanne was negotiated with the provisional government directly. The assembly formally declared a Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923.