= Statistics = A branch of [[CategoryMathematics|mathematics]]. == Foundations == * [[Statistics/AverageAbsoluteDeviation|Average absolute deviation]] * [[Statistics/Combinations|Combinations]] * [[Statistics/CovarianceMatrices|Covariance matrices]] * [[Statistics/DegreesOfFreedom|Degrees of freedom]] * [[Statistics/MahalanobisDistance|Mahalanobis distance]] * [[Statistics/Moments|Moments]] * [[Statistics/Permutations|Permutations]] == Probability == * [[Statistics/BayesRule|Bayes' rule]] * [[Statistics/BayesianNotation|Bayesian notation]] * [[Statistics/ConditionalProbability|Conditional probability]] * [[Statistics/Independence|Independence]] * [[Statistics/JointProbability|Joint probability]] * [[Statistics/Logit|Logit]] * [[Statistics/ProbabilityNotation|Probability notation]] * [[Statistics/SigmaAlgebraNotation|σ Algebra notation]] * [[Statistics/TestStatistic|Test statistic]] == Probability distributions == * [[Statistics/BernoulliDistribution|Bernoulli]] * [[Statistics/BinomialDistribution|Binomial]] * [[Statistics/ChiSquaredDistribution|Chi-squared]] * [[Statistics/FDistribution|F]] * [[Statistics/NormalDistribution|Normal]] * [[Statistic/StudentsTDistribution|Student's t]] * [[Statistics/UniformDistribution|Uniform]] * [[Statistics/WeibullDistribution|Weibull]] == Probability tests == * [[Statistics/CollinearityTest|Collinearity test]] * [[Statistics/HosmerLemeshowTest|Hosmer-Lemeshow test]] * [[Statistics/KolmogorovSmirnovTest|Kolmogorov-Smirnov test]] * [[Statistics/LagrangeMultiplierTest|Lagrange multiplier test]] * [[Statistics/LikelihoodRatioTest|Likelihood-ratio test]] * [[Statistics/PearsonsChiSquaredTest|Pearson's chi-squared test]] * [[Statistics/SobelTest|Sobel test]] * [[Statistics/WaldTest|Wald test]] == Samples == * [[Statistics/SimpleRandomSample|Simple random sample]] * [[Statistics/Stratification|Stratification]] * [[Statistics/SurveySampling|Survey sampling]] * SurveySamples == Prediction == * [[Statistics/ConditionalExpectations|Conditional expectations]] * [[Statistics/ExpectedValues|Expected values]] == Modeling == * [[Statistics/BayesianHierarchicalModel|Bayesian hierarchical model]] * [[Statistics/Binning|Binning]] * [[Statistics/CausalInference|Causal inference]] * [[Statistics/CoxProportionalHazardsModel|Cox proportional hazards model]] * [[Statistics/EconometricsNotation|Econometrics notation]] * [[Statistics/GeneralizedEstimatingEquation|Generalized estimating equation]] * [[Statistics/GeneralizedLeastSquares|Generalized least squares]] * [[Statistics/GeneralizedLinearModel|Generalized linear model]] * [[Statistics/Lasso|Lasso]] * [[Statistics/LogisticModel|Logistic Model]] * [[Statistics/MultilevelModel|Multilevel Model]] * [[Statistics/MultilevelRegressionWithPoststratification|Multilevel Regression with poststratification]] * [[Statistics/OrdinaryLeastSquares|Ordinary least squares]] * [[Statistics/PostStratification|Post-stratification]] * [[Statistics/StandardErrors|Standard errors]] * [[Statistics/StructuralEquationModeling|Structural equation modeling]] == Panel modeling == * [[Statistics/FirstDifferencedEstimator|First-differenced estimator]] * [[Statistics/FixedEffectsModel|Fixed effects model]] * [[Statistics/PooledOrdinaryLeastSquaresModel|Pooled OLS model]] * [[Statistics/RandomEffectsModel|Random effects model]] * [[Statistics/UnobservedComponentsModel|Unobserved components model]] == Non-parametric modeling == * [[Statistics/Bagging|Bagging]] * [[Statistics/DecisionTrees|Decision trees]] * [[Statistics/GradientBoosting|Gradient boosting]] * [[Statistics/RandomForest|Random forest]] * [[Statistics/SupportVectorMachines|Support-vector machines]] == Analysis == * [[Statistics/CrossValidation|Cross-validation]] * [[Statistics/FactorAnalysis|Factor analysis]] * [[Statistics/Matching|Matching]] * [[Statistics/MediationAnalysis|Mediation analysis]] == Survey analysis == * [[Statistics/ExperienceSamplingMethod|Experience sampling method]] * [[Statistics/FocusGroup|Focus group]] * [[Statistics/MarginOfError|Margin of error]] * [[Statistics/NonResponseBias|Non-response bias]] * [[Statistics/OnlineBulletinBoard|Online bulletin board]] * [[Statistics/QualitativeCoding|Qualitative coding]] * [[Statistics/ResponseRate|Response rate]] * [[Statistics/SurveyDisposition|Survey disposition]] * [[Statistics/SurveyFrame|Survey frame]] * [[Statistics/SurveyInference|Survey inference]] * [[Statistics/SurveyWeights|Survey weights]] * [[Statistics/UnequalWeightingAndDesignEffects|Unequal weighting and design effects]] * [[Statistics/UnexpectedEventDuringSurveyDesignFramework|Unexpected event during survey design framework]] == Natural language processing == * [[Statistics/BagOfWordsModel|Bag of words model]] * [[Statistics/NaturalLanguageProcessingDataPreparation|NLP data preparation]] * [[Statistics/WordEmbedding|Word embedding]] * [[Statistics/RecursiveSequencing|Recursive sequencing]] * [[Statistics/TopicModel|Topic model]] * [[Statistics/SentimentAnalysis|Sentiment analysis]] * [[Statistics/TextClassification|Text classification]] == Reading Notes == * [[MeasurementErrorModels|Measurement Error Models]], Wayne A. Fuller, 1987 * [[LatentVariableModelingInHeterogeneousPopulations|Latent Variable Modeling in Heterogeneous Populations]], Bengt O. Muthén, 1989 * [[TheEffectOfWeightTrimmingOnNonlinearSurveyEstimates|The Effect of Weight Trimming on Nonlinear Survey Estimates]], Frank J. Potter, 1993 * [[EvidenceOnTheValidityOfCrossSectionalAndLongitudinalLaborMarketData|Evidence on the Validity of Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Labor Market Data]], John Bound, Charles Brown, Greg J. Duncan, and Willard L. Rodgers, 1994 * [[SamplingWeightsAndRegressionAnalysis|Sampling Weights and Regression Analysis]], Christopher Winship and Larry Radbill, 1994 * [[MultilevelCovarianceStructureAnalysis|Multilevel Covariance Structure Analysis]], Bengt O. Muthén, 1994 * [[ImprovingOnProbabilityWeightingForHouseholdSize|Improving on Probability Weighting for Household Size]], Andrew Gelman and Thomas C. Little, 1998 * [[StatisticalModelingTheTwoCultures|Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures]], Leo Breiman, 2001 * [[HierarchicalLinearModels|Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods]], Stephen W. Raudenbush and Anthony S. Bryk, 2002 * [[AscertainingTheValidityOfIndividualProtocols|Ascertaining the validity of individual protocols from Web-based personality inventories]], John A. Johnson, 2004 * [[StrugglesWithSurveyWeightingAndRegressionModeling|Struggles with Survey Weighting and Regression Modeling]], Andrew Gelman, 2007 * [[TheCalibrationApproachInSurveyTheoryAndPractice|The calibration approach in survey theory and practice]], Carl-Erik Särndal, 2007 * [[IdentifyingCarelessResponsesInSurveyData|Identifying Careless Responses in Survey Data]], Andrew Meade, S. Bartholomew Craig, 2012 * [[RespondentUseOfStraightliningAsAResponseStrategyInEducationSurveyResearch|Respondent use of straight-lining as a response strategy in education survey research: Prevalence and implications]]; James S. Cole, Alexander C. Mc``Cormick, Robert M. Gonyea; 2012 * [[EstimatingMeasurementErrorInAnnualJobEarnings|Estimating Measurement Error in Annual Job Earnings]], John M. Abowd and Martha H. Stinson, 2013 * [[WhyAskWhy|Why ask why? Forward causal inference and reverse causal questions]], Andrew Gelman and Guido Imbens, 2013 * [[BeyondPowerCalculations|Beyond Power Calculations: Assessing Type S (Sign) and Type M (Magnitude) Errors]], Andrew Gelman and John Carlin, 2014 * [[HowRobustStandardErrorsExposeMethodologicalProblemsTheyDoNotFix|How Robust Standard Errors Expose Methodological Problems They Do Not Fix, and What to Do About It]], Gary King and Margaret E. Roberts, 2015 * [[StraitliningInWebSurveyPanelsOverTime|Straightlining in Web survey panels over time]], Matthias Schonlau and Vera Toepoel, 2015 * [[SamplingBasedVsDesignBasedUncertaintyInRegressionAnalysis|Sampling-based vs. Design-based Uncertainty in Regression Analysis]]; Alberto Abadie, Susan Athey, Guido W. Imbens, and Jeffrey M. Wooldridge; 2017 * [[WhenShouldYouAdjustStandardErrorsForClustering|When Should You Adjust Standard Errors for Clustering?]]; Alberto Abadie, Susan Athey, Guido W. Imbens, and Jeffrey M. Wooldridge; 2017 * [[StatisticalParadisesAndParadoxedInBigData|Statistical Paradises and Paradoxes in Big Data]], Xiao-Li Meng, 2018 * [[RegressionAndOtherStories|Regression and Other Stories]], Andrew Gelman, Jennifer Hill, and Aki Vehtari, 2020 * [[UnexpectedEventDuringSurveyDesign|Unexpected Event during Surveys Design: Promise and Pitfalls for Causal Inference]]; Jordi Muñoz, Albert Falcó-Gimeno, and Enrique Hernández; 2020 * [[TheIndependentContractorWorkforce|The Independent Contractor Workforce: New Evidence on Its Size and Composition and Ways to Improve Its Measurement in Household Surveys]]; Katharine G. Abraham, Brad J. Hershbein, Susan N. Houseman, and Beth C. Truesdale; 2023 * [[ANewParadigmForPolling|A New Paradigm for Polling]], Michael A. Bailey, 2023 * [[SurveysOfConsumersTechnicalReport|Surveys of Consumers Technical Report: Technical Documentation for the 2024 Methodological Transition to Web Surveys]], 2024 * [[TheEffectOfOnlineInterviewsOnTheUniversityOfMichiganSurveyOfConsumerSentiment|The effect of online interviews on the University of Michigan Survey of Consumer Sentiment]], Ryan Cummings and Ernie Tedeschi, 2024 * [[MeasurementErrorWhenSurveyingIssuePositions|Measurement error when surveying issue positions: a MultiTrait MultiError approach]]; Kim Backström, Alexandru Cernat, Rasmus Sirén, and Peter Söderlund; 2025 * [[InvitationLettersIncreaseResponseRatesInEliteSurveys|Invitation Letters Increase Response Rates in Elite Surveys: Evidence from Germany and the United Kingdom]], Nathalie Giger and Miguel M. Pereira, 2025 * [[SelfReportingNewsUseInSituAndInRetrospect|Self-Reporting News Use in Situ and in Retrospect]]; Danit Shalev, Teresa K Naab, and Yariv Tsfati; 2025 * [[WhereToPlaceSensitiveQuestions|Where to place sensitive questions? Experiments on survey response order and measures of discriminatory attitudes]]; Amanda Sahar d’Urso, Tabitha Bonilla, and Genni Bogdanowicz; 2025 ---- CategoryRicottone CategoryMathematics