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Test Statistic
A test statistic is a statistic generated for hypothesis testing in statistical inference.
Usage
A test statistic is compared to a critical value. H0 is rejected if:
P-Values
Statistical analysis can be done with p-values instead.
The intention of p-values is to enable readers to apply their own tolerance for Type I error as a critical value. In some cases it is more succinct to report p-values rather than annotate multiple levels of significance (e.g. 90%, 95%, and 99%).
The unfortunate fact is that many people interpret p-values as a probability that the result is correct. For example, some people see a p-value of 0.02 and incorrectly assume that there is a 98% probability that the result is correct.
t-test
Z-test
Chi-squared test