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| = Ordinary Least Squares Univariate Proof = | = OLS Multivariate Derivation = |
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| The model is fit by a minimization problem: | where: |
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| {{attachment:min.svg}} ---- |
* ''y'' and ''ε'' are vectors of size ''n'' * ''β'' is a vector of size ''p'' * '''''X''''' is a matrix of shape ''n'' by ''p'' |
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| This line must pass through the mean and the slope of the line must be the marginal change in ''Y'' given a unit change in ''X''. In other words, the line must pass through two points: | with the constraint: |
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| where: | The [[Calculus/PartialDerivatives|partial derivative]] of this constraint with respect to ''b'' is calculated like: |
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| * ''X‾'' is the sample mean of ''X'' (estimating ''μ,,X,,'') * ''Y‾'' is the sample mean of ''Y'' (estimating ''μ,,Y,,'') * ''s,,X,,'' is the sample standard deviation of ''X'' (estimating ''σ,,X,,'') * ''s,,Y,,'' is the sample standard deviation of ''Y'' (estimating ''σ,,Y,,'') * and ''r,,XY,,'' is the sample correlation coefficient between ''X'' and ''Y'' (estimating ''ρ,,XY,,'') |
{{attachment:b1.svg}} |
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| Insert the first point into the estimation. This is quickly solved for ''α''. | {{attachment:b2.svg}} |
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| {{attachment:alpha1.svg}} | Set this derivative to 0 to find the minimum with respect to ''b''. |
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| {{attachment:alpha2.svg}} | {{attachment:b3.svg}} |
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| Insert the second point and the solution for ''α'' into the estimation. | {{attachment:b4.svg}} |
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| {{attachment:beta1.svg}} | {{attachment:b5.svg}} |
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| {{attachment:beta2.svg}} | {{attachment:b6.svg}} |
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| {{attachment:beta3.svg}} This reduced form can be quickly solved for ''β''. {{attachment:beta4.svg}} Because the correlation coefficient can be expressed in terms of covariance and standard deviations... {{attachment:correlation.svg}} ...the solution for ''β'' can be further reduced. {{attachment:beta5.svg}} Therefore, the regression line is estimated to be: {{attachment:regression.svg}} |
OLS Multivariate Derivation
The model is constructed like:
where:
y and ε are vectors of size n
β is a vector of size p
X is a matrix of shape n by p
This is estimated as:
with the constraint:
The partial derivative of this constraint with respect to b is calculated like:
Set this derivative to 0 to find the minimum with respect to b.
