= Spanish Monarchs = A history of '''Spanish monarchs'''. <> ---- == Iberian Kingdoms == The Iberian peninsula was divided between the Christian kingdoms of [[Portugal/Monarchs|Portugal]], '''Leon''', '''Aragon''', and '''Castile'''; and the Moorish province of '''al-Andalus'''. After the death of '''Alfonso IX''' of Leon in 1230, '''Ferdinand III''' of Castile conquered the kingdom and brought them into a permanent personal union. Al-Andalus was established by the '''Umayyad Caliphate''' and governed by successive empires: '''Córdoba''' (an emirate until 929, then a caliphate), the '''Almoravid Empire''', the '''Almohad Empire''', and finally the '''emirate of Granada'''. Through the '''Reconquista''', al-Andalus was dismantled entirely by 1491. ---- == Catholic Monarchy == The marriage of '''Ferdinand II''' and '''Isabella I''' in 1469 established a union between Aragon and Castile known variably as the '''Catholic Monarchy''' or the '''Hispanic Monarchy'''. When Isabella died in 1504, their daughter '''Joanna''' nominally succeeded. Ferdinand instead appointed himself governor of Castile. When he also died in 1516, her son [[Austria/CharlesV|Charles I]] usurped the thrones of both Aragon and Castile, which the respective nobilities tolerated as a co-monarchy. This began the '''Spanish Habsburg dynasty'''. '''Philip II''' established a personal union of [[Portugal/Monarchs|Portugal]] and Spain in 1580. A degree of separation remained through the [[Spain/RoyalCouncils|councils]]. The Spanish crown was passed from the Spanish Habsburgs to the new Bourbon dynasty through the [[WorldHistory/WarOfSpanishSuccession|War of the Spanish Succession]]. === New World === Commissions for expeditions and ''encomiendas'' were granted by the crown to conquer and settle the New World. These colonies were then reorganized and administered by a complex system involving: * the [[Spain/RoyalCouncils|Council of the Indies]] based in Madrid * viceroyalties based in the New World * ''real audencias'' as courts of appeal to enforce royal laws and edicts === Iberian Union === '''Philip III''' died in 1621, and '''Philip IV''' inherited the throne of both Spain and Portugal. By 1640 the nobility of Portugal were in revolt; the '''Restoration War''' ended with Philip conceding Portuguese sovereignty in 1668. ---- == Dynasties == === Trastámara === TODO: history of Trastámaran monarchs! === Habsburg === [[Austria/CharlesV|Charles I]] usurped the thrones of both Aragon and Castile from his mother '''Joanna''', which the respective nobilities tolerated as a co-monarchy. This began the '''Spanish Habsburg dynasty'''. While '''Charles II''' never had children, the crown was inheritable through a female line. When Charles died in 1700, in accordance with his will, the Spanish nobility offered the crown to Maria Theresa's grandson, [[Spain/PhilipV|Philip V]]. This ended the Spanish Habburg line (although the [[WorldHistory/WarOfSpanishSuccession|War of Spanish Succession]] attempted to prop up the Habsburgs again through [[Austria/CharlesVI|Charles]]). ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Austria/CharlesV|Charles I]]||Carlos ||1516 - 1556|| ||Philip II ||Felipe ||1556 - 1598|| ||Philip III ||Felipe ||1598 - 1621|| ||Philip IV ||Felipe ||1621 - 1665|| ||Charles II ||Carlos ||1665 - 1700|| === Bourbon === '''Charles II''' died childless, but had designated [[Spain/PhilipV|Philip V]] as his heir. This '''Bourbon dynasty''' was interrupted twice: first by the [[WorldHistory/NapoleonicWars|Napoleonic Wars]], and again by the [[Spain/Democratization#Glorious_Revolution|Glorious Revolution]]. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Spain/PhilipV|Philip V]]||Felipe ||1700 - 1746|| ||Louis I ||Luis ||1724 || ||Ferdinand VI ||Fernando ||1746 - 1759|| ||Charles III ||Carlos ||1759 - 1788|| ||Charles IV ||Carlos ||1788 - 1808|| ||Ferdinand VII ||Fernando ||1808 - 1833|| ||Isabella II ||Isabel ||1833 - 1868|| ||Alfonso XII || ||1874 - 1885|| ||Alfonso XIII || ||1885 - 1931|| === Bonaparte === [[France/NapoleonBonaparte|Napoleon]] imposed the reign of '''Joseph I''' during the [[WorldHistory/NapoleonicWars|Napoleonic Wars]]. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Joseph I ||1808 - 1813|| === Savoy === After '''Isabella II''' was deposed in the [[Spain/Democratization#Glorious_Revolution|Glorious Revolution]], a provisional government and a regency by '''Amadeo I''' were established. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Amadeo I ||1870 - 1873|| ---- CategoryRicottone CategoryTodoLearnHistory