= Serbian Monarchs = A history of '''Serbian monarchs'''. <> ---- == Principality of Serbia == In the 8th century, the principality of Serbia was organized into counties called ''župe'' (singular: ''župa'') led by a ''župan''. The [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantines]] was suzerain. The first of many [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#First_Bulgarian_Empire|Bulgarian]] invasions began in 805. '''Vlastimir''' consolidated the principality, organized a counter attack to the 839 invasion, and went on to conquer [[BosniaHerzegovina|Bosnia]]. '''Simeon I''' conquered the principality in 917 and installed '''Pavle Branovic''' as a vassal prince; this led the Byzantines to begin a slow conquest of both Serbia and Bulgaria, completing finally under '''Basil II''' ("the Bulgar Slayer"). The Byzantine Empire then divided and thoroughly reorganized the Serbian realm. ---- == Principality of Duklja == Under the [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantines]], much of the Serbian lands were led by '''Jovan Vladimir''', archon of Duklja. In 997, '''Samuel''' conquered the region and raised Jovan to a vassal prince. The Byzantines quickly retook the lands. With some reorganization (i.e. the separation of Travunia and [[BosniaHerzegovina/Monarchs#Duchy_of_Zachlumia|Zachlumia]]), the principality was retained. ---- == Kingdom of the Slavs == '''Mihailo I''' rebelled against the [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantines]] and vassalized himself instead to Pope '''Gregory VII''', who by 1077 had named him '''King of the Slavs'''. ---- == Grand Principality and Kingdom of Serbia == Amidst a renewed [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantine]] invasion and a succession war, '''Vukan I''' established an independent '''grand principality of Serbia'''. Duklja became a princely ''župa'', led by a ''knez''. The Byzantines re-asserted suzerainity by 1114. Under '''Stefan Nemanja''' (canonized as ''Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming''), the capital was moved to [[Serbia/NoviPazar|Ras]]. For this reason, the principality (and then kingdom) were sometimes referred to as ''Rascia''. The '''Fourth Crusade''' in 1204 dealt a final blow to the Byzantine Empire. '''Stefan I''', son of Stefan Nemanja, was made king in 1217. Kings of Serbia would attach ''Stefan'' to their names upon coronation. '''Konstantin''' conquered the kingdom of Syrmia, though most of the land was reconquered by [[Hungary/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|Hungary]] shortly thereafter. '''Decanski''' (also known as '''Uros III'''), Konstantin's brother, conquered and vassalized [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#Second_Bulgarian_Empire|Bulgaria]]. === Kingdom of Syrmia === Following an injury, '''Dragutin''' handed the kingdom of Serbia to his brother '''Milutin''' in 1282. He kept two northern zupe. In 1284 he was granted the banates of So, Ozora, Macsó (alternatively Mačva), as well as the city of [[Serbia/Belgrade|Belgrade]], as a vassal of '''Ladislaus IV'''. He quickly established an independent '''kingdom of Syrmia'''. Syrmia is sometimes called ''Serm''. [[Serbia/Belgrade|Belgrade]] was made the capital city. Following Dragutin's death, his son '''Vladislav II''' would inherit Syrmia. Milutin and his son '''Konstantin''' would quickly conquer the kingdom. Vladislav II fled to the kingdom of [[Hungary/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|Hungary]], which eventually reclaimed its banates. === Serbian Empire === '''Dusan''' (also known as '''Uros IV'''), son of '''Decanski''', conquered much of the Byzantine Empire. Albania, Macedonia, most of the Dalmatian coast (excepting the [[WorldHistory/DalmatianCityStates|city states]]), and most of Greece (down to Athens and apart from Thessalonica) were conquered. He was crowned in [[NorthMacedonia/Skopje|Skopje]] as "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks". This empire amounted to little for the conquered lands. They were forced to submit to despotates. Following Dusan's death, his son '''Uros V''' failed to keep the empire from disintegrating. === Fall of the Empire and Kingdom === '''Marko''' became an [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman]] vassal in 1371, but by 1377 most of the realm had rebelled. As an example, Moravian Serbia rose as the most significant claimant to a Serbian crown. ---- == Moravian Serbia and the Despotate of Serbia == As the empire and kingdom of Serbia disintegrated under '''Uros V''', '''Lazar''' took the title ''knez'' and established a significant Serbian principality. This realm is known as the historical '''Moravian Serbia'''. Moravian Serbia fell to the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottomans]] in 1389. '''Lazarevic''', son of Lazar, accepted vassalization under the Ottomans. After the Ottomans were repelled by the [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantines]] in 1402, Lazarevic was granted the title ''despot''. By 1404, he accepted vassalization under [[Hungary/Sigismund|Hungary]], which came with the gift of [[Serbia/Belgrade|Belgrade]]. In 1410, Sigimund conquered Bosnia and gifted [[BosniaHerzegovina/Srebrenica|Srebrenica]] to Lazarevic. From 1439 until 1443, Serbia was occupied by the Ottomans. It was recaptured by a coalition including Lazarevic's son '''Durad''' and [[Hungary/JohnHunyadi|John Hunyadi]]. '''Mehmed II''' would eventually conquer all of Serbia for the Ottoman Empire. [[BosniaHerzegovina/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Bosnia|Tomas]] conquered part of Serbia, but Tomas's son '''Tomasevic''' surrendered it to the Ottomans on 1459. Hungarian monarchs continued to appoint despots in exile for another century, to maintain a claim on Serbia. ---- == Ottoman Vassalization == Serbs in the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman Empire]] rebelled repeatedly between 1804 and 1835. These led to concessions from the Ottomans, who granted autonomy to a new '''Principality of Serbia'''. Serbia was not recognized as an independent state internationally, the Ottoman army continued to occupy the territory, and a yearly tribute of approximately 10% of Serbia's GDP was to be paid. ---- == Principality and Kingdom of Serbia == The [[WorldHistory/CongressOfBerlin|Treaty of Berlin]] recognized the full independence of Serbia. The principality became a kingdom with the coronation of '''Milan I''' in 1882. Following the [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]], lands occupied by Slavs in the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] were ceded to Serbia, creating a '''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes'''. The official name became '''Kingdom of Yugoslavia''' in 1929. Serbia participated in the [[WorldHistory/BalkanWars|Balkan Wars]]. Notably, [[NorthMacedonia/Democratization#Partition|Macedonia]] was split with [[Bulgaria/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. ---- == Kingdom of Yugoslavia == Following [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]] peace negotiations, the kingdom was rolled into a '''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes''', which was known colloquially as (and eventually officially became) [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. The kingdom was originally subdivided into provinces (''pokrajine''). These were: * Slovenia * Croatia and Slavonia * Dalmatia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Banat, Bačka and Baranja * Northern Serbia * Southern Serbia * Montenegro These provinces were then further divided into counties and districts. A centralized government was established in 1921 and the kingdom was re-divided into oblasts. To promote Yugoslav identities, these oblasts purposefully had no parallel to older, ethnic divisions. The kingdom was again reorganized in 1929 into banates (''banovina''). Again, older, ethnic divisions were avoided. These were: * Danube (''Dunavska'') * Drava (''Dravska'') * Drina (''Drinska'') * Littoral (''Primorska'') * Morava (''Moravska'') * Sava (''Savska'') * Vardar (''Vardarska'') * Vrbas (''Vrbaska'') * Zeta (''Zetska'') In 1939, the Littoral and Sava banates were merged into a '''banate of Croatia''' (''Бановина Хрватска'' or ''Banovina Hrvatska''). This reflected the stubborn persistance of an independent Croatian identity. On March 27th, 1941, King '''Peter II''' overthrew the [[WorldHistory/Axis|Axis-aligned]] regency of [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia/Paul|Paul]]. [[Germany/AdolfHitler|Germany]] [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2#Yugoslavia|invaded]] in retaliation. A Serbian monarchy would not be re-established following the end of that kingdom. ---- == Dynasties == ---- CategoryRicottone