= Romanian Monarchs = A history of '''Moldavian, Wallachian, Transylvanian, and Romanian voivodes, knezes, princes, domnitors, and kings'''. Note that Hungarian names are written as ''[Family name] [Given name]''. <> ---- == Principality of Moldavia == [[Hungary/CharlesI|Charles I]] expanded to the east and established the '''Voivodeship of Moldavia''' as a buffer vassal against the [[WorldHistory/GoldenHorde|Golden Horde]]. '''Dragoș''', voivode of '''Maramureș''' (as elected by the local ''knezes'') was appointed to this office. His son '''Sas''' and grandson '''Balc''' inherited the seat, but the latter was overthrown by [[Romania/BogdanI|Bogdan I]], who rebelled against [[Hungary/LouisI|Louis I]] to establish an independent '''Principality of Moldavia'''. '''Peter I''' vassalized Moldavia to [[Poland/CasimirIII|Casimir III]]. The principality then briefly returned to Hungarian vassalization when Louis I inherited [[Poland/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Poland|Poland]]. [[Romania/PeterII|Peter II]] offered fealty to [[Poland/Jadwiga|Jadwiga]] rather than [[Hungary/Mary|Mary]]. Moldavia remained a vassal of Poland until [[Hungary/JohnHunyadi|John Hunyadi's]] conquest in 1448. There would be constant battle for control of the territory (three discontinuous reigns of '''Alexăndrel'''; three discontinuous reigns of '''Peter III''', and the reign of '''Bogdan II'''; invasions by [[Hungary/MatthiasI|Hungary]] and [[WorldHistory/GoldenHorde|Tatars]]) until [[Romania/StephenIII|Stephen III]] solidified control in 1457. '''Bogdan III''' vassalized Moldavia to the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottomans]] in 1514. The [[Poland/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania|Commonwealth]] would repeatedly invade into Moldavia over the following ---- == Principality of Wallachia == [[Hungary/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|Hungary]] struggled to keep the '''voivodeship of Wallachia''' under control. It was susceptible to [[WorldHistory/GoldenHorde|Golden Horde]] incursions and even more remote than the voivodeship of Moldavia. '''Basarab I''' successfully revolted against [[Hungary/CharlesI|Charles I]]. This may be the source of [[WorldHistory/Bessarabia|Bessarabia's]] name ---- == Kingdom of Hungary == Within the [[Hungary/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|kingdom of Hungary]], Transylvania was a powerful ''voivode''. This was a princely title held by the ''ispan'' of Feher, reflecting the elevated status of the voivodeship over all other counties. Following the death of '''Louis II''' and the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman]] conquest of [[Hungary/Budapest|Buda]], voivode '''John I''' was crowned in [[Hungary/Szekesfehervar|Szekesfehervar]]. His claim was contested by the Habsburg emperor '''Ferdinand I''', who was crowned in [[Slovakia/Bratislava|Bratislava]] with support from Hungarian nobility. John I became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was moved to [[Romania/AlbaIulia|Alba Iulia]]. In the 1540s, '''Suleiman''' reorganized the Ottoman-held Hungarian lands into ''pashaliks''. As a result of the Ottoman's relative tolerance toward religions, Catholicism began to be supplanted by Protestantism (especially Calvinism) in non-Habsburg lands. '''Isabella''' made freedom of religion a legal right in Transylvania. ---- == Principality of Transylvania == In 1570, '''John II''' would renounce his royal title. Transylvania became a principality, still a vassal to the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman Empire]]. [[Romania/GabrielBethlen|Gabriel Bethlen]] briefly reigned as king of a mostly-united Hungary. '''John Kemeny''' (''Kemeny Janos'') rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and plead for assistance from the Austrian Empire. The two empires instead began eating away at the principality from both sides. Critically the town of Oradea (then called Nagyvarad) was captured in 1660 by the Ottomans. In 1699, the principality was formally ceded to the Habsburgs. In 1765, [[Austria/MariaTheresa|Maria Theresa]] raised Transylvania to a grand principality, effectively separating it from Hungary. During the [[Hungary/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|revolutions of 1848]], Hungarian nationalists demanded a reunion of Hungary and Transylvania (among other things). Following the suppression of the revolution, this was executed as a concession. Furthermore, as part of the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]], direct Hungarian rule over Transylvania resumed. The [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]] ceded Transylvania to Romania. ---- == Ottoman Vassalization == The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia remained as vassals to the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman Empire]]. Administratively though, they were governed as part of the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Eyalets#Rumelia|sanjak of Silistra]], which later was elevated to an independent [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Eyalets#Silistra|eyalet]]. This territory was contested between the Ottomans and [[Russia/Monarchs#Imperial_Russia|Russians]] through the Russo-Turkish Wars. In particular, a Moldavian region referred to as [[WorldHistory/Bessarabia|Southern Bessarabia]] was ceded to Russia in 1829 and reorganized as the '''Bessarabia Governorate'''. The remainder was subject to Russian military occupation, though still as an Ottoman vassal. The [[Romania/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|revolutions of 1848]] were expressed here as Danubian nationalism, which the Ottomans and Russians jointly suppressed. Southern Bessarabia was ceded back to the Ottomans following the [[WorldHistory/CrimeanWar|Crimean War]] and included in the reformed [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/Vilayets#Danube|vilayet of Danube]]. ---- == Principality and Kingdom of Romania == The election of '''Alexandru Ioan Cuza''' as prince of both Moldavia and Wallachia created a personal union. This was cemented in 1862 with the declaration of the '''United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia''', which raised Cuza to domnitor. He was deposed in 1866; [[Romania/CarolI|Carol I]] was elected the new domnitor, a new constitution was written, and the principality's name was officially changed to '''Romania'''. The [[WorldHistory/CongressOfBerlin|Treaty of Berlin]] granted independence to Romania and raised it to a kingdom, although it was compelled to cede [[WorldHistory/Bessarabia|Southern Bessarabia]] to Russia in exchange for [[WorldHistory/Dobruja|Dobruja]]. The [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]] ceded Transylvania to Romania. ---- == Dynasties == TODO: need to mark which principality the dynasties held power in; also need to add Wallachians === Bogdan === ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Romania/BogdanI|Bogdan I]] || ||1365 - 1367|| ||Peter I ||Petru ||1367 - 1368|| ||Lațcu || ||1368 - 1375|| ||[[Romania/PeterII|Peter II]] ||Petru ||1375 - 1391|| === Szapolyai === ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||John I ||Janos ||1526 - 1540|| ||John II a.k.a. John Sigismund||Janos Zsigmond ||1540 - 1570|| ||'''Prince'''||'''Reign'''|| ||John II ||1570 - 1571|| In July 1527, Ferdinand I invaded Hungary to briefly recapture [[Hungary/Budapest|Buda]] from the Ottomans and overthrew John I in Transylvania. John I made a deal with '''Suleiman the Magnificent''' to recapture the kingdom of Hungary as a vassal. By 1529 he had regained power; ensuing peace treaties would formally divide lands between the Habsburg ''Royal Hungary'' and the kingdom of Upper Hungary and Transylvania. This history was repeated twice after John I died in 1540. His wife '''Isabella''' reigned as regent for their infant son '''John II'''. (She was the eldest daughter of Sigismund I, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania as well as a member of the '''Jagiellon dynasty''' which [[Hungary/Monarchs#Jagiellon|briefly held power in the kingdom of Hungary]].) They was overthrown by an Austrian army then restored by an Ottoman army, all in 1541; they were overthrown by an Austrian army in 1551 and restored by an Ottoman army in 1556. === Bathory === Following the death of John II, voivode '''Stephen''' was crowned. '''Gaspar Bekes''' (''Kornyati Bekes Gaspar'') contested his reign up to 1576, when a succession crisis in the kingdom of Poland and grand duchy of Lithuania was settled with Stephan marrying Anna (another daughter of Sigismund I and heiress to the Jagiellon dynasty). He then reigned in Transylvania in own right, and reigned in Poland and Lithuania ''jure uxoris''. ||'''Prince'''||'''Local name'''||'''Reign''' || ||Stephen ||Stefan ||1571 - 1586 || ||Sigismund ||Zsigmond ||1586 - 1598, 1598 - 1599, 1601 - 1602|| ||Andrew ||Andras ||1599 || ||Gabriel ||Gabor ||1608 - 1613 || '''Sigismund''' married into the Habsburgs and, given the increasing encroachment of Ottoman invasions, repeatedly abdicated his principality to the Habsburg king of Hungary '''Rudolf I''' (more commonly known as Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire) or his brother '''Andrew'''. Following the death of [[Romania/StephenBocskai|Stephen Bocskai]] in 1606, '''Gabriel''' contested the principality; '''Sigismund Rakoczi''' abdicated in 1608. In retaliation for the invasion of vassalized realms, '''Ahmed I''' had Gabriel assassinated. === Draculesti === Between October 1599 and September 1600, [[Romania/Michael|Michael the Brave]] was the ''de facto'' prince. ||'''Prince''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Romania/Michael|Michael]]||Mihai Viteazul ||1599 - 1600|| === Bocskai === [[Romania/StephenBocskai|Stephen]] led a revolt against '''Rudolf I''' (more commonly known as Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1605. ||'''Prince''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Romania/StephenBocskai|Stephen]]||Istvan ||1605 - 1606|| === Rakoczi === [[Romania/SigismundRakoczi|Sigismund]] succeeded '''Stephen Bocskai'''. ||'''Prince''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Romania/SigismundRakoczi|Sigismund]]||Zsigmond ||1607 - 1608|| ||George I ||Gyorgy ||1630 - 1648|| ||George II ||Gyorgy ||1648 - 1660|| ||Francis II ||Ferenc ||1704 - 1711|| Sigismund would abdicate in favor of '''Gabriel Bathory''' (''Bathory Gabor''). Following the death of [[Romania/GabrielBethlen|Gabriel Bethlen]] in 1629, Sigismund's son '''George I''' was elected prince. '''George II''' would face retaliation from the Ottoman Empire for an unsanctioned invasion of the kingdom of Poland. Brief appointments of '''Francis Rhedey''' and '''Akos Barcsay''' interrupt his reign, and he is ultimately killed in battle against the Ottomans in 1660. '''Francis II''' began a rebellion in 1703 against Habsburg rule. He reigned as prince of Transylvania from 1704 until 1711. === Bethlen === [[Romania/GabrielBethlen|Gabriel]] had been a close ally of '''Stephen Bocskai''' in his uprising against '''Rudolf I'''. In 1613, '''Ahmed I''' deposed the '''Bathory dynasty''' and installed Gabriel as prince of Transylvania. ||'''Prince''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Romania/GabrielBethlen|Gabriel]]||Gabor ||1613 - 1629|| ||Catherine || ||1629 - 1630|| ||Stephen ||Istvan ||1630 || After Gabriel died in November 1629, his wife '''Catherine''' briefly reigned. His brother '''Stephen''' overthrew her in September 1630 but resigned after just 60 days. === Rhedey === In 1657, '''George II Rakoczi''' (''Rakoczi Gyorgy II'') invaded the kingdom of Poland without seeking permission from the Ottoman Empire. In retaliation, '''Francis Rhedey''' (''Rhedey Ferenc'') was briefly installed as prince. ||'''Prince''' ||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Francis ||Ferenc ||1657 - 1658|| === Barcsay === After '''Francis Rhedey''' (''Rhedey Ferenc'') abdicated in favor of '''George II Rakoczi''' (''Rakoczi Gyorgy II''), the Ottoman Empire again intervened and installed '''Akos Barcsay''' as prince. ||'''Prince'''||'''Reign''' || ||Akos ||1658 - 1659, 1660|| === Kemeny === Amidst the war between '''Akos Barcsay''' and '''George II Rakoczi''' (''Rakoczi Gyorgy II''), '''John Kemeny''' (''Kemeny Janos'') proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire and plead for Austrian intervention. He overthrew Akos, but was quickly overthrown himself by the Ottomans. ||'''Prince'''||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||John ||Janos ||1661 - 1662|| === Apafi === After the Ottomans put down the rebellion of '''John Kemeny''' (''Kemeny Janos''), they installed '''Michael I Apafi''' (''Apafi Mihaly I'') as prince. ||'''Prince'''||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Michael I ||Mihaly ||1661 - 1690|| ||Michael II ||Mihaly ||1690 - 1699|| In 1692, '''Michael II Apafi''' (''Apafi Mihaly II'') was summoned to Vienna and imprisoned. He was forced to cede Transylvania to the Habsburgs. === Thokoly === As a military commander in the Ottoman Empire's waning war to retain Hungary, '''Emeric Thokoly''' (''Thokoly Imre'') was briefly made prince of Transylvania. ||'''Prince'''||'''Local name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Emeric ||Imre ||1690 || ---- CategoryRicottone