Romanian Monarchs

The modern Romanian state has never been a monarchy. For all intents and purposes however, it is the successor to the Transylvanian region.

Note that Hungarian names are written as [Family name] [Given name].

Kingdom of Hungary

Throughout the history of the independent kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania was led by a powerful voivode. This was a princely title held by the ispan of Feher, reflecting the elevated status of the voivodeship over all other counties.

Following the death of Louis II and the Ottoman conquest of Buda, voivode John I was crowned in Szekesfehervar. His claim was contested by the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand I, who was crowned in Bratislava with support from Hungarian nobility. John I became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

In the 1540s, Suleiman reorganized the Ottoman-held Hungarian lands into pashaliks.

As a result of the Ottoman's relative tolerance toward religions, Catholicism began to be supplanted by Protestantism (especially Calvinism) in non-Habsburg lands. Isabella made freedom of religion a legal right in Transylvania.

Principality of Transylvania

In 1570 John II would renounce his claim to the kingdom of Hungary. Transylvania became a principality, still a vassal to the Ottoman Empire.

Gabriel Bethlen (Bethlen Gabor), who was installed as prince by the Ottomans in 1613, led a Calvinist insurrection in Royal Hungary. He briefly reigned as king of a mostly-united Hungary.

John Kemeny (Kemeny Janos) rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and plead for assistance from the Austrian Empire. The two empires instead began eating away at the principality from both sides. Critically the town of Oradea (then called Nagyvarad) was captured in 1660 by the Ottomans. In 1699 the principality was formally ceded to the Habsburgs.

Dynasties

Szapolyai

In July 1527, Ferdinand I invaded Hungary to briefly recapture Buda from the Ottomans and overthrew John I in Transylvania.

John I made a deal with Suleiman the Magnificent to recapture the kingdom of Hungary as a vassal. By 1529 he had regained power; ensuing peace treaties would formally divide lands between the Habsburg Royal Hungary and the kingdom of Upper Hungary and Transylvania.

This history was repeated twice after John I died in 1540. His wife Isabella reigned as regent for their infant son John II. (She was the eldest daugther of Sigismund I, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania as well as a member of the Jagiellon dynasty which briefly held power in the kingdom of Hungary.) They was overthrown by an Austrian army then restored by an Ottoman army, all in 1541; they was overthrown by an Austrian army in 1551 and restored by an Ottoman army in 1556.

Bathory

Following the death of John II, voivode Stephen was crowned. Gaspar Bekes (Kornyati Bekes Gaspar) contested his reign up to 1576, when a succession crisis in the kingdom of Poland and grand duchy of Lithuania was settled with Stephan marrying Anna (another daughter of Sigismund I and heiress to the Jagiellon dynasty). He then reigned in Transylvania in own right, and reigned in Poland and Lithuania jure uxoris.

Sigismund married into the Habsburgs and, given the increasing encroachment of Ottoman invasions, repeatedly abdicated his principality to the Habsburg king of Hungary Rudolf I (more commonly known as Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire) or his brother Andrew.

Following the death of Stephen in 1606, Gabriel contested the principality. The intended heir Balint Drugeth (Drugeth Balint) quickly renounced his claim; Sigismund Rakoczi abdicated in 1608. He began pushing into Ottoman-vassalized lands; Ahmed I retaliated by having him assassinated and installing Gabriel Bethlen in the principality.

Draculesti

Between October 1599 and September 1600, voivode of Wallachia Michael the Brave was the de facto prince. As a vassal of Sigimund Bathory, had been deeply involved in the Transylvanian wars against the Ottomans. He overthrew Andrew Bathory and was elected prince of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. He was shortly ousted from the latter realms.

Bocskai

The uncle of Sigismund Bathory, Stephen Bocskai led a revolt in against Rudolf I (more commonly known as Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1605. Although he died shortly after, the Habsburgs ceded the principality of Transylvania as well as several counties of Royal Hungary to him in 1606.

Rakoczi

Sigismund Rakoczi was appointed governor of Transylvania by Stephen Bocskai shortly before he died. The intended heir Balint Drugeth (Drugeth Balint) renounced his claim in favor of Sigismund.

Sigismund would abdicate in favor of Gabriel.

Bethlen

Gabriel Bethen had been a close ally of Stephen Bocskai in his uprising against Rudolf I. In 1613, Ahmed I deposed Gabriel Bathory and installed Gabriel Bethen as prince of Transylvania.

He expanded the principality into Royal Hungary; the Habsburgs would cede several counties to him. From August 1620 until December 1621 he reigned as king of a most-united Hungary

Kemeny

Apafi

Thokoly

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