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| Just a year later in July 1527, Ferdinand I invaded Hungary to briefly recapture Buda and overthrew John I. John I made a deal with Suleiman the Magnificent to recapture the kingdom of Hungary as a vassal. By 1529 John I had regained power; ensuing peace treaties would formally divide lands between the Habsburg ''Royal Hungary'' and the kingdom of Upper Hungary and Transylvania. | Just a year later in July 1527, Ferdinand I invaded Hungary to briefly recapture Buda and overthrew John I. John I made a deal with '''Suleiman the Magnificent''' to recapture the kingdom of Hungary as a vassal. By 1529 John I had regained power; ensuing peace treaties would formally divide lands between the Habsburg ''Royal Hungary'' and the kingdom of Upper Hungary and Transylvania. |
Romanian Monarchs
The modern Romanian state has never been a monarchy. For all intents and purposes however, it is the successor to the Transylvanian region.
Note that Hungarian names are written as [Family name] [Given name].
Contents
Kingdom of Hungary
Throughout the history of the independent kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania was led by a powerful voivode. This was a princely title held by the ispan of Feher, reflecting the elevated status of the voivodeship over all other counties.
Following the death of Louis II and the Ottoman conquest of Buda, voivode John I was crowned in Szekesfehervar. His claim was contested by the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand I, who was crowned in Bratislava with support from Hungarian nobility.
Just a year later in July 1527, Ferdinand I invaded Hungary to briefly recapture Buda and overthrew John I. John I made a deal with Suleiman the Magnificent to recapture the kingdom of Hungary as a vassal. By 1529 John I had regained power; ensuing peace treaties would formally divide lands between the Habsburg Royal Hungary and the kingdom of Upper Hungary and Transylvania.
This history was repeated twice after John I died in 1540. The reign of his son John II (under the regency of his wife Isabella) was contested by Ferdinand I; he was overthrown by an Austrian army then restored by an Ottoman army, all in 1541; he was overthrown by an Austrian army in 1551 and restored by an Ottoman army in 1556.
In the 1540s, Suleiman reorganized the Ottoman-held Hungarian lands into pashaliks.
As a result of the Ottoman's relative tolerance toward religions, Catholicism began to be supplanted by Protestantism (especially Calvinism) in non-Habsburg lands. Isabella made freedom of religion a legal right in Transylvania.
Principality of Transylvania
In 1570 John II would renounce his claim to the kingdom of Hungary. Transylvania became a principality, still a vassal to the Ottoman Empire.
Gabriel Bethlen (Bethlen Gabor), who was installed as prince by the Ottomans in 1613, led a Calvinist insurrection in Royal Hungary. He briefly reigned as king of a mostly-united Hungary.
John Kemeny (Kemeny Janos) rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and plead for assistance from the Austrian Empire. The two empires instead began eating away at the principality from both sides. Critically the town of Oradea (then called Nagyvarad) was captured in 1660 by the Ottomans. In 1699 the principality was formally ceded to the Habsburgs.
Dynasties
Szapolyai
Monarch |
Local name |
Reign |
John I |
Janos |
1526 - 1540 |
John II a.k.a. John Sigismund |
Janos Zsigmond |
1540 - 1570 |
Prince |
Reign |
John II |
1570 - 1571 |
After John I died, his wife Isabella reigned as regent for the infant John II. She was the eldest daughter of Sigismund I, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania as well as a member of the Jagiellon dynasty which briefly held power in the kingdom of Hungary.
Bathory
Prince |
Reign |
Draculesti
Habsburg
Bocskai
Rakoczi
Bethlen
Kemeny
Apafi