Python

The Python programming language is an interpreted, duck-typed language.

On most platforms, the interpreter is called by python(1). Some platforms distribute with version suffixes that may or may not be optional. The py(1) launcher is also available.

Example

A hello world program looks like:

def main():
    print("Hello, world")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

If using Python 2, the print command is instead a statement.

print "Hello, world"

To run the program, try:

python hello.py
# or
chmod 755 hello.py
./hello.py

Tool chain

• Installation

• pip

• pyproject.toml

• py_compile

• six

• timeit

• Type Annotation

• unittest

• venv

Applications and Servers

• certbot

• Django

• Flask

• Gunicorn

• IPython

• MoinMoin

• uWSGI

• Werkzeug

Language

• Built-ins

• Context managers

• Dunder methods

• F-strings

• Generators

• Function composition

• String methods

Parser Modules and Classes

This is a mixture of standard library modules and third-party modules.

Configuration Files

• configparser

CSV

• csv

JSON

• json

HTML

• html.parser

• Beautiful Soup

PDF

• pdfminer

TOML

• tomllib

XML

• xml.sax

• xml.dom.minidom

• lxml.etree

Standard Library Modules

• base64

• cmath

• codecs

• collections

• collections.abc

• contextlib

• copy

• dataclasses

• datetime

• decimal

• difflib

• email

• enum

• filecmp

• fractions

• ftplib

• functools

• getpass

• imaplib

• inspect

• io

• itertools

• math

• operator

• os

• os.path

• pathlib

• pickle

• poplib

• pprint

• quopri

• random

• re

• shutil

• smtplib

• sqlite3

• statistics

• strings

• sys

• tempfile

• tkinter

• typing

• urllib

Third-Party Modules

• Jinja

• Matplotlib

• NumPy

• Pandas

• Pillow

• Pygments

• Requests

• SciPy

• SqlAlchemy

Creating Libraries

• Dunder Files

• Setup Files

See also

The Python Language Reference

The Python Standard Library, the standard library reference manual

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