= Dutch Democratization = A history of '''Dutch democratization'''. <> ---- == Burgundian State and the Low Countries == The region that 'Burgundy' refers to migrated over time. To the east of the [[WorldHistory/Francia|Frankish kingdom]] was the '''kingdom of Burgundy'''. Clovis I conquered the 'first kingdom', but a 'second kingdom' emerged after he divided the empire between his sons. Then it was lowered to a duchy, when Pippin of Herstal reunited the Frankish kingdoms. It remained a very wealthy and powerful realm within [[WorldHistory/EastFrancia|East Francia]]. By the time [[France/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_France|France]] emerged, so had a '''house of Burgundy'''. In the 14th century Philip I died without issue, and the duchy reverted to [[France/Monarchs#Valois|John II]]. He in turn ceded it to his youngest son '''Philip II''', creating a cadet branch known as '''Valois-Burgundy'''. Philip married '''Margaret III''', countess of Flanders, establishing a patchwork domain across eastern and northern France. This so-called '''Burgundian state''' accrued wealth and power to rival the main branch in the 15th century. When '''Charles Martin''' died in the [[Switzerland/Democratization#Old_Swiss_Confederacy|Burgundian Wars]], his sole daughter '''Mary''' should have inherited. Louis XI however aimed to usurp her, instigating the [[WorldHistory/WarOfBurgundianSuccession|War of Burgundian Succession]]. Formally the domains were partitioned between France and the [[Austria/Monarchs#Habsburg|Habsburgs]], but effective control on the ground remained a complicated issue. Many fiefs owed dual fealty to both the king of France and the [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire|Holy Roman Emperor]]. Inheritance law and marriages saw realms repeatedly divided and joined. Eventually, all that remained was the original county of Flanders. The larger region came to be known as the '''Low Countries'''. By 1543, [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire/CharlesV|Charles V]] has united all provinces through [[WorldHistory/GueldersWars|conquest]]. ---- == Spanish Netherlands == '''William I''' (''Willem''; also known as ''William the Silent'') led the '''Dutch revolt'''. This, and the larger '''Eighty Years War''', was simultaneously a war of independence against the [[Spain/Monarchs#Catholic_Monarchy|Spanish]] and a religious rebellion against the '''Inquisition'''. The war became extremely draining for the Spanish Empire, leading to the signing of a '''Twelve Years' Truce''' in 1609. Before the truce expired, the [[WorldHistory/ThirtyYearsWar|Thirty Years War]] had already erupted and demanded greater attention. The war stalemated for decades; in 1648 the '''Peace of Münster''' was signed, finally granting the independence of the seven northern provinces. The '''Southern Netherlands''' remained a Spanish possession. Note that the [[WorldHistory/WarOfSpanishSuccession|Treaty of Rastatt]] transferred the Spanish claims to [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire/CharlesVI|Austria]]. From 1714 until the [[WorldHistory/NapoleonicWars|Napoleonic Wars]], these were known as the '''Austrian Netherlands'''. ---- == Republic of the Seven United Netherlands == The republic was officially governed as a confederation of independent provinces. They each had the ability to appoint independent '''stadtholders''', but in practice the [[Netherlands/Monarchs#Orange|prince of Orange]] was appointed stadtholder over all of them. The provinces sent representative delegations to the [[Netherlands/StatesGeneral|States General]]. This was chaired by the '''grand pensionary''' (''raadpensionaris''), who also served as primary advisor to the stadtholder. The major political factions of this period were the '''Orangists''', largely a nobility that depended on the House of Orange, and the '''Republicans'''. William II died days before his only [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamIII|son]] was born. The '''First Stadtholderless Period''' began and the grand pensionary became the highest functional office. [[Netherlands/JohanDeWitt|De Witt]] emerged as the dominant political figure and effectively ruled the republic for two decades. The '''Second Stadtholderless Period''' followed the death of William III. [[Netherlands/AnthonieHeinsius|Heinsius]] reigned for much of this period. Following his died in 1720, there was a power struggle between '''Simon van Slingelandt''' and '''Isaac van Hoornbeek'''. Van Hoornbeek ultimately succeeded and held power up to his death in 1727. Van Slingelandt then led the Netherlands until his death in 1736. '''Anthonie van der Heim''' became the final grand pensionary of this period in 1737. William V established diplomatic relations with the [[UnitedStates/Democratization#Revolutionary_War|rebelling American colonies]]. The [[UnitedKingdom/GeorgeIII|United Kingdom]] retaliated with a series of naval attacks known as the '''Fourth Anglo-Dutch War'''. Following the '''Treaty of Paris''', a movement of '''Patriots''' emerged seeking to abolish the stadtholdership. William's brother-in-law, [[Germany/FrederickWilliamII|Frederick William II]], ordered an invasion to suppress the movement. The movement largely fled to France, where they joined with the rapidly emerging [[France/Democratization#French_Revolution|revolution]]. ---- == Batavian Republic == William participated in the [[WorldHistory/NapoleonicWars#First_Coalition|First Coalition]], but his army disintegrated by 1795. The Patriots re-emerged in a '''Batavian Revolution'''. The the Dutch Republic was overthrown and replaced with the '''Batavian Republic'''. ---- == Kingdom of Holland == [[France/NapoleonBonaparte|Napoleon]] replaced the republic with a monarchy under his brother, '''Louis I''' (''Lodewijk''). This '''kingdom of Holland''' was granted control over the '''Southern Netherlands''', re-unifying the provinces. ---- == Kingdom of the Netherlands == Following Napoleon's fall, this kingdom was largely retained as the '''Kingdom of the Netherlands'''. In 1830, riots erupted in [[Belgium/Brussels|Brussels]] against the reign of '''William I'''. Prince William personally met with the rebels and was convinced to support political separation. His father rejected compromise though, and committed to suppressing the [[Belgium/Democratization#Belgian_Revolution|revolution]]. He was unable to retake the city, and appealed to international support in the '''London Conference'''. The ultimate decision was instead to recognize Belgian independence. William rejected this decision, and was forced back to diplomatic resolution only through [[France/LouisPhilippeI|French]] intervention. Another London Conference was convened in 1838 and the '''Treaty of London''' was signed the next year. Simultaneously, [[Luxembourg/Democratization|Luxembourg]] was made an independent grand duchy held in union with the kingdom of the Netherlands. Throughout [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|World War 2]], '''Wilhelmina''' led the government in exile from [[UnitedKingdom/London|London]]. The kingdom attempted to maintain control over its overseas possessions through global decolonization. The primary example is the '''Netherlands-Indonesia Union''', which lasted from 1949 to 1956. Following that union's collapse, the '''Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands''' was established. ---- CategoryRicottone