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| = File System = | = File Systems = |
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| File systems are standards for organizing, maintaining, and accessing data on a disk drive. This will ''not'' be a crosswalk of file systems. | '''File systems''' are protocols for the organization of data. Compared to commercial operating systems, Linux is compatible with a large number of file systems. |
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| You may need to take a step back and look at [[PartitionTablesSetup|creating a partition table first]]. | See also [[PartitionTablesSetup|this document]] for creating a partition table. |
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| == Mounting File Systems == | == Setup == |
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| ---- | Devices are referenced as `sdXN`, where `X` is the relevant interface letter and `N` is the relevant partition number. |
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| === fstab === On a Linux system, `/etc/fstab` informs on what volumes should be mounted and with what options. This configuration file is structured as: {{{ # <device> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <fsck> UUID=f9fe0b69-a280-415d-a03a-a32752370dee none swap defaults 0 0 }}} Spacing between columns is arbitrary. The `<dir>` column is the mount point, while the `<type>` column indicates file system type. The `<fsck>` column is used by the `fsck` utility, and enables boot-time filesystem checks. * `0` disables checks. * `1` runs corrections based on checks. This is important for the root device. * `2` forces reboot on error. The `<options>` column can contain any of: `noatime` (do not write access times), `noauto` (do not wait on `fsck`), `nofail` (do not indicate errors if unavailable), and so on. The `<dump>` column is used by the `dump` utility--if you don't need that utility (and most people don't), set it to `0`. ---- == Creating File systems == Henceforward you will see reference to `sdXN`, where you should understand that `X` needs to be replaced with the relevant letter and `N` with the relevant number. You should also understand how to find that relevant letter and number combination, and the risks of finding the incorrect letter or number. ---- === ext2 === |
=== ext2 and ext3 === |
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---- === ext3 === Seriously. Don't. ---- |
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| If you are creating ext4 file systems, you probably are using Linux. Therefore, let's assume you have the Linux toolset available. Running as superuser: |
Run as superuser: |
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| ---- |
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| The main advantage to FAT32 is it near-universal mount-ability. (Expect issues on a vanilla macOS environment!) The cost of getting that is steep though. Expect much slower performance, greater instability, and incompatibility with standard Linux file metadata. | The main advantage to FAT32 is it near-universal mount-ability. (Expect issues on a vanilla macOS environment!) The cost is performance, instability, and incompatibility with standard Linux file metadata. |
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| On Linux, run as superuser: | Run as superuser: |
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| ---- |
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| On Linux you can run as superuser: | Run as superuser: |
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| ---- == Usage == A file system is used by mounting it as a disk. === mount === To manually mount a volume, try: {{{ mount /dev/sdXN /mnt/DIR }}} You may need to specify the file system type, using the `--types FSTYPE` option. If you run into persistent errors, try `fsck /dev/sdXN` to check for file system errors. === udisksctl === '''udisksctl''' wraps the `udisks` utility to aids in mounting devices. Run `udisksctl status` to see an overview of all devices. A volume can be mounted or unmounted using `udiscksctl mount -b /dev/sdXN` and `udiscksctl unmount -b /dev/sdXN`, === fstab === The standard way to mount disks on startup is the '''fstab''' file. See [[Linux/fstab|here]] for details. |
File Systems
File systems are protocols for the organization of data. Compared to commercial operating systems, Linux is compatible with a large number of file systems.
See also this document for creating a partition table.
Contents
Setup
Devices are referenced as sdXN, where X is the relevant interface letter and N is the relevant partition number.
ext2 and ext3
Don't.
ext4
Run as superuser:
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdXN
Consider disabling access time on secondary and storage drives. Setting this metadata isn't always helpful and carries a speed cost.
# <device> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <fsck> /dev/sdXN /var ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0
FAT32
The main advantage to FAT32 is it near-universal mount-ability. (Expect issues on a vanilla macOS environment!) The cost is performance, instability, and incompatibility with standard Linux file metadata.
Run as superuser:
mkfs.vfat /dev/sdXN
MS-DOS
Run as superuser:
mkdosfs /dev/sdXN
But you should also know that mkdosfs is a symlink to mkfs.vfat.
Usage
A file system is used by mounting it as a disk.
mount
To manually mount a volume, try:
mount /dev/sdXN /mnt/DIR
You may need to specify the file system type, using the --types FSTYPE option.
If you run into persistent errors, try fsck /dev/sdXN to check for file system errors.
udisksctl
udisksctl wraps the udisks utility to aids in mounting devices.
Run udisksctl status to see an overview of all devices. A volume can be mounted or unmounted using udiscksctl mount -b /dev/sdXN and udiscksctl unmount -b /dev/sdXN,
fstab
The standard way to mount disks on startup is the fstab file. See here for details.