LaTeX Math
LaTeX offers the most comprehensive math markup of any software.
Contents
Usage
There are two ways to use math markup: inline math mode and display math mode.
An example of the inline style is \(a + bx = y\), whereas an example of display style is: \[ a + bx = y \]
Math Fonts
For curly letters, as in what is used for sigma algebras:
\mathcal{O}
For blackboard letters, as in what is used for matrices:
\mathbb{X}
To render a word in a 'normal' font, as for named functions (e.g., div), try:
\mathrm{div}
Spacing
To insert horizontal spacing, try:
\quad for 1em
\qquad for 2em
\, for 3mu; note that 18mu = 1em
\: for 4mu
\; for 5mu
More generally, automated spacing in math mode is governed by these widths:
\thinmuskip, defaulting to 3mu
\medmuskip, defaulting to 4mu
\thickmuskip, defaulting to 5mu
Markup
Many symbols are available by name, or some contraction of the name.
Syntax |
Symbol |
\partial |
∂ |
\nabla |
∇ |
\infty |
∞ |
\varepsilon |
ε |
\varphi |
φ |
\forall |
∀ |
\times |
× |
\cdot |
⋅ |
\in |
∈ |
\subset |
⊂ |
\cap |
∩ |
\cup |
∪ |
\neq |
≠ |
\pm |
± |
\lt |
< |
\leq |
≤ |
\gt |
> |
\geq |
≥ |
\approx |
≈ |
\perp |
⊥ |
\cdots |
⋅⋅⋅ |
\ldots |
... |
Greek letters are available by name. Note that by default the lowercase letter is returned; capitalizing the name returns the uppercase letter. For example, \Phi gives Φ while \phi gives ϕ.
Many function notations are also available.
Syntax |
Appearance |
\frac{1}{2} |
|
\sum_{i=1}^{N} |
|
\sum\nolimits_{i} |
|
\prod_{i=1}^{N} |
|
\lim_{x\to\infty} |
|
\lim\nolimits_{x\to\infty} |
|
\int_a^b |
|
\iint\limits_D |
|
\iiint\limits_D |
|
\oint_C |
|
f\vert_a |
|
There are several sizes of parentheses, braces, and bars available. As a demonstration:
\Big( \big( (x + 1) + 1 \big) + 1 \Big) \Big[ \big[ \left[ x + 1 \right] + 1 \big] + 1 \Big] \Big| \big| |a| - |b| \big| - |c| \Big|