= Hungarian Monarchs = A history of '''Hungarian monarchs'''. Note that Hungarian names are written as ''[Family name] [Given name]''. <> ---- == Kingdom of Hungary == Following the death of Grand Prince '''Géza''', there was a succession war between his son [[Hungary/StephenI|St. Stephen I]] and '''Koppany'''. Stephen I won through the support of foreign powers, especially Swabian and/or Slovak knights and the Church. The '''Kingdom of Hungary''' was established by [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire/OttoIII|Otto III]] and/or Pope '''Sylvester II'''. Over time Hungary expanded... * east into [[Romania/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|Transylvania]] and [[Romania/Monarchs#Principality_of_Moldavia|Moldavia]] * north into [[Czechia/Monarchs#Duchy_of_Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Czechia/Monarchs#Great_Moravia|Moravia]], and [[WorldHistory/Carpathia|Ruthenian Carpathia]] * west to the [[WorldHistory/DalmatianCityStates|Dalmatian coast]]; from 1091 until 1095, and again after 1102, the kingdoms of Hungary and [[Croatia/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary_and_Croatia|Croatia]] were held in union * south into [[BosniaHerzegovina/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Bosnia|Bosnia]] and [[Serbia/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Syrmia|Syrmia]] St. Stephen I established bishoprics (especially the archdiocese of [[Hungary/Esztergom|Esztergom]]) and an administrative system of counties. The kingdom would be organized by voivodeships (especially of Transylvania and Syrmia) and banates (especially of Croatia and Dalmatia, Slavonia, Macso, and Bosnia). Hungary was pulled into the [[WorldHistory/ByzantineEmpire|Byzantine]] influence in the 12th century, and then into the [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire|Holy Roman Empire's]] influence following the rise of the [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire|Ottoman Empire]]. ---- == Royal Hungary == The [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/SuleimanI|Ottomans]] began an invasion of Hungary in 1521, and by 1526 had captured [[Hungary/Budapest|Budapest]]. Following the death of '''Louis II''', his brother-in-law [[WorldHistory/HolyRomanEmpire/FerdinandI|Ferdinand I]] was named king by the Hungarian and Croat nobility. He and his descendants would claim all of Hungary but administer only the western half, called '''Royal Hungary'''. Hungary would remain a part of the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austrian_Empire|Austrian Empire]] until [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]], although it enjoyed an [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|elevation]] above other imperial realms. The Hungarian nobility maintained a national image and wielded significant influence. ---- == Principality of Transylvania == The [[WorldHistory/OttomanEmpire/SuleimanI|Ottomans]] began an invasion of Hungary in 1521, and by 1526 had captured [[Hungary/Budapest|Budapest]]. Following the death of '''Louis II''', '''John I''' claimed the kingdom. His voivodeship of Transylvania gained recognition as a [[Romania/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Hungary|principality]], often operated as an Ottoman client state, but ultimately in 1699 was ceded to the Habsburgs. They administered the principality directly through governors rather than allowing Hungary to exercise power over the realm. In 1765, [[Austria/MariaTheresa|Maria Theresa]] raised Transylvania to a grand principality, effectively separating it from Hungary. During the [[Hungary/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|revolutions of 1848]], Hungarian nationalists demanded a reunion of Hungary and Transylvania (among other things). Following the suppression of the revolution, this was executed as a concession. Furthermore, as part of the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]], direct Hungarian rule over Transylvania resumed. The [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]] permanently ceded Transylvania to [[Romania/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Romania|Romania]]. ---- == Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen == The [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] established the equality of Austria and Hungary within the same empire. Generally the division is referred to as '''Cisleithania''' and '''Transleithania''' (referring to their position around the Leitha), but more formally the Hungarian kingdom became known as the '''Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen''' (''Szent Korona Országai''). ---- == The Regency == The [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfTrianon|Treaty of Trianon]] permanently ceded Transylvania to [[Romania/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Romania|Romania]]; and ceded the entirety of [[Croatia/Monarchs#Triune_Kingdom|Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia]] to [[Serbia/Monarchs#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia|Serbia]]. Following [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]], Hungary cycled through [[Hungary/Democratization#First_Hungarian_Republic|several non-monarchical states]]. On February 29, 1920, the newly-elected parliament re-established monarchy. [[Hungary/MiklosHorthy|Horthy]] was named regent for [[Austria/CharlesI|Charles IV]], though Charles would never be allowed to claim the throne. '''The Regency''' continued until 1944. Through a combination of foreign influences (i.e., [[Germany/AdolfHitler|German]] imposition of the puppet [[Hungary/DomeSztojay|Sztójay]] government; [[WorldHistory/SovietUnion|Soviet]] occupation following defeat in [[WorldHistory/WorldWar2|World War 2]]), the kingdom was permanently ended. ---- == Dynasties == === Arpad === One of the founding Hungarian tribes, the Kingdom of Hungary was created around the '''Arpad dynasty'''. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign''' || ||[[Hungary/StephenI|St. Stephen I]]||Istvan ||Jan. 1, 1001 - Aug. 15, 1038|| ||Peter Orsoleo || ||1038 - 1041, 1044 - 1046 || ||Andrew I ||Andras ||1046 - 1060 || ||Béla I || ||1060 - 1063 || ||Solomon ||Salamon ||1063 - 1074 || ||Géza I || ||1074 - 1077 || ||Ladislaus I ||Laszlo ||1077 - 1095 || ||[[Hungary/Coloman|Coloman]] ||Kalman ||1095 - 1116 || ||Stephen II ||Istvan ||1116 - 1131 || ||Béla II || ||1131 - 1141 || ||Géza II || ||1141 - 1162 || ||[[Hungary/StephenIII|Stephen III]]||Istvan ||1162 - 1172 || ||Ladislaus II ||Laszlo ||1162 - 1163 || ||Stephen IV ||Istvan ||1163 || ||[[Hungary/BelaIII|Béla III]] || ||1172 - 1196 || ||Emeric ||Imre ||1196 - 1204 || ||Ladislaus III ||Laszlo ||1204 - 1205 || ||[[Hungary/AndrewII|Andrew II]] ||Andras ||1205 - 1235 || ||[[Hungary/BelaIV|Béla IV]] || ||1235 - 1270 || ||Stephen V ||Istvan ||1270 - 1272 || ||Ladislaus IV ||Laszlo ||1272 - 1290 || ||Andrew III ||Andras ||1290 - 1301 || In 1041, '''Peter Orsoleo''' was overthrown by '''Samuel'''. He reclaimed the kingdom three years later. === Aba === Samuel, who had married into the family of St. Stephen I, was a powerful ispan. He briefly overthrew Peter Orsoleo but was himself overthrown after three years. ||'''Monarch'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Samuel ||1041 - 1044|| === Premyslid === After '''Andrew III''' died, the local nobility elected [[Czechia/WenceslausIII|Wenceslaus]] over [[Hungary/CharlesI|Charles I]]. See also the Bohemian [[Czechia/Monarchs#Premyslid|Premyslid dynasty]]. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||[[Czechia/WenceslausIII|Wenceslaus]]||1301 - 1305|| Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of '''Otto'''. === Wittelsbach === ||'''Monarch'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Otto ||1305 - 1307|| More generally known as ''Otto III of Bavaria''. In June 1307 he was captured and imprisoned by '''Ladislaus Kan''', voivode of Transylvania and ''de facto'' was the oligarch of an autonomous Transylvania. Otto escaped later that year, and renounced his claim to the throne in the following year. === Angevin === The '''Capetian House of Anjou''' is a continuation of the Arpad dynasty by '''Mary''', the sister of '''Ladislaus IV'''. The crown was contested between '''Charles II''', [[Hungary/Mary|Mary]], and [[Hungary/Sigismund|Sigismund]]. See also the [[Czechia/Monarchs#Luxembourg|Luxembourg dynasty]]. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign''' || ||[[Hungary/CharlesI|Charles I]] ||Karoly Robert ||1308 - July 16, 1342 || ||[[Hungary/LouisI|Louis I]] ||Lajos ||July 21, 1342 - Sept. 10, 1382|| ||[[Hungary/Mary|Mary]] ||Maria ||Sept. 10, 1382 - May 17, 1395 || ||Charles II || ||Dec. 31, 1385 - Feb. 24, 1386 || ||[[Hungary/Sigismund|Sigismund]] ''jure uxoris''|| ||Mar. 31, 1387 - Dec. 9, 1437 || Mary and Sigismund left no heirs, enabling the Albertinian line of the Habsburgs to inherit. === Habsburg === [[Hungary/Mary|Mary]] left no heirs to the '''Angevin dynasty'''. The kingdoms passed to '''Albert II''', the son-in-law of [[Hungary/Sigismund|Sigismund]]. [[Hungary/LadislausV|Ladislaus V]] was born months after the death of Albert II. Local nobility instead elected [[Poland/WladyslawIII|Wladyslaw I]] as king, but his death in 1444 cleared the way for Ladislaus V to finally inherit. He had a series of regents, chiefly his mother '''Elizabeth''' and [[Hungary/JohnHunyadi|John Hunyadi]]. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Reign''' || ||Albert II ||Dec. 18, 1437 - Oct. 27, 1439|| ||[[Hungary/LadislausV|Ladislaus V]]||May 15, 1440 - Nov. 23, 1457 || Ladislaus V died without an heir. === Jagiellon === [[Poland/WladyslawIII|Wladyslaw I]] was elected king in 1440 over [[Hungary/LadislausV|Ladislaus V]]. See also the Polish [[Poland/Monarchs#Jagiellon|Jagiellon dynasty]]. [[Czechia/Vladislaus|Wladyslaw II]] was elected king following the death of [[Hungary/MatthiasI|Matthias I]]. See also the Bohemian [[Czechia/Monarchs#Jagiellon|Jagiellon dynasty]]. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign''' || ||[[Poland/WladyslawIII|Wladyslaw I]]||Ulaszlo ||July 17, 1440 - Nov 10, 1444 || ||[[Czechia/Vladislaus|Wladyslaw II]]||Ulaszlo ||Sept. 18, 1490 - Mar. 13, 1516|| ||Louis II ||Lajos ||Mar. 13, 1516 - Aug. 29, 1526 || Wladyslaw I died shortly after his election, enabling the return of Ladislaus V. '''Louis II''' was killed in the Ottoman conquest of Hungary. === Hunyadi === The '''Hunyadi dynasty''' technically only has one member. [[Hungary/JohnHunyadi|John Hunyadi]] was leading statesman and regent, and his son [[Hungary/MatthiasI|Matthias I]] largely came to power due to his father's reputation. ||'''Monarch''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign''' || ||[[Hungary/MatthiasI|Matthias I]]||Matyas ||Jan. 24, 1458 - Apr. 6, 1490|| ---- CategoryRicottone