= Hungarian Democratization = A history of '''Hungarian democratization'''. Note that Hungarian names are written as ''[Family name] [Given name]''. <> ---- == Revolutions of 1848 == In 1848, the [[Hungary/Monarchs#Royal_Hungary|kingdom of Hungary]] was held by the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austrian_Empire|Austrian Empire]]. [[Hungary/LajosKossuth|Kossuth]] had already distinguished himself as the preeminent noble and statesman of Hungary. As the revolutions of 1848 spread into [[Hungary/Buda|Buda]], [[Austria/FerdinandI|Ferdinand]] attempted to ease tensions by granting self-governance. He appointed [[Hungary/LajosBatthyyny|Batthyány]] as the first [[Hungary/PrimeMinisters|prime minister of Hungary]]. Within Hungary, Serbs nationalists organized and declared the [[Serbia/Democratization#Occupations|Serbian Vojvodina]] as a loyal and direct vassal to the Habsburg empire. Tensions escalated into the '''Serb Revolution'''; Ferdinand intervened to grant '''Franz Philipp von Lamberg''' command over all Hungarian forces. He was attacked upon arrival and the Hungarian government was ordered to dissolve. The rebellion spread to [[Austria/Vienna|Vienna]] when a military transport bound for Buda was attacked; the [[Austria/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|Vienna Uprising]] solidified the Austrian approach to the revolutions. Ferdinand abdicated in December and [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] became emperor, but the Hungarian diet refused to recognize him. (Hungarian succession law disallows abdication and regents require diet appointment.) [[Austria/AlfredWindischgratz|Windischgrätz]] led the first invasion of Hungary but was repelled. Franz Joseph requested aid from [[Russia/NicolasI|Nicolas I]], and the joint military of Austria and Russia crushed the revolution. The [[Austria/Democratization#Kremsier_and_Imposed_March_Constitutions|Imposed March Constitution]] retained absolute power in the empire. ---- == Austria-Hungary == [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] began to federalize the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austrian_Empire|empire]] in 1860. The '''October Patent''' reformed the appointed '''reichsrat''' (imperial council) into a partially-elected legislature. Provincial diets were granted more autonomy. The '''February Patent''' in 1861 superceded this. The reichsrat was again reformed, now into a bicameral elected legislature. The '''Herrenhaus''' (House of Lords) was composed of imperial archdukes, certain nobility, [[WorldHistory/CatholicChurch|archbishops]], and life peers. The '''Abgeordnetenhaus''' (House of Deputies) was composed of 343 members elected by provincial diets, of which Hungary was allocated 120 seats. The '''Austro-Hungarian Compromise''' of 1867 established the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. ---- == World War 1 == [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] led Hungary into [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]]. In the aftermath of the war, the nations of the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] scrambled for territory and independence. Recognition of [[Czechia/TomasMasaryk|Masaryk]] as [[Czechia/Democratization#First_Czechoslovak_Republic|Czechoslovak]] head of state accelerated the legitimacy crisis. [[Austria/CharlesI|Charles IV]] attempted to compromise by establing '''National Councils''' and pushing the '''Volkermanifest''', effectively a federating of the empire, but this further acceleratee the crisis. In October 1918, the Hungarian provincial diets entered a rapid collapse. [[Hungary/SandorWekerle|Wekerle]] annulled the Austro-Hungarian Compromise and resigned. Charles hesitated to appoint a new prime minister, leaving Hungary without a government for two weeks. Horthy led Hungary into the [[WorldHistory/Axis|Axis]]; he participated in the invasions of [[Finland]], [[WorldHistory/Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[WorldHistory/SovietUnion|the USSR]]. However, there is a subtle difference between Horthy's fascism and [[Germany/AdolfHitler|Germany's]]. Both the [[Hungary/CommunistParty|KMP]] and the [[Hungary/ArrowCrossParty|Arrow Cross Party]] were banned. His governments, especially that of [[Hungary/LaszloBardossy|Bárdossy]], did participate in some anti-Semitic policies (e.g., deportation, internment, massacre). But some, especially that of [[Hungary/MiklosKallay|Kállay]], refused to collaborate (e.g., designed legislation banning any government from deporting Jews). Horthy and Kállay in fact negotiated a surrender to the USSR. In March 1944, Hitler learned of that plan and drew Horthy out of Hungary for negotiations. Simultaneously, he ordered the invasion and occupation of Hungary. The puppet [[Hungary/DomeSztojay|Sztójay]] government was established and deportations resumed. Horthy continued secret negotiations until he was arrested, taken to Nuremberg, and forced to resign in October. At this point, [[Hungary/FerencSzalasi|Szálasi]] became both prime minister and ''de facto'' head of state. ---- == First Hungarian Republic == [[Hungary/MihalyKarolyi|Károlyi]] led the '''Hungarian National Council'''. In late October 1918, amid riots and after two weeks without a government, [[Austria/CharlesI|Charles IV]] named '''János Hadik''' as prime minister. Soldiers mutinied and replaced their caps with asters. Within a day, Hadik resigned and Charles was forced to recognize Karolyi instead. [[Hungary/IstvanTisza|Tisza]] was assassinated the same day. This coup would become known as the '''Aster Revolution'''. Karolyi declared the independent '''Hungarian People's Republic''' in November and began to serve as acting president. ---- == Hungarian Soviet Republic == The [[Hungary/CommunistParty|KMP]] seized power in March 1919 and established the '''Hungarian Soviet Republic'''. '''Sándor Garbai''' was named prime minister, but the de facto head of state was [[Hungary/BelaKun|Kun]] as he maintained contact with the [[Russia/VladimirLenin|Kremlin]]. A randomly-violent '''Red Terror''' began and suppressed all political opposition. The republic fell when Romanian soldiers took [[Hungary/Budapest|Budapest]] in August 1919. ---- == Regency == [[Hungary/MiklosHorthy|Horthy]] established a '''National Army''' military government centered on [[Hungary/Siofok|Siófok]]. He also started a '''White Terror''' that targetted leftists and Jews. By November 1919, the National Army took [[Hungary/Budapest|Budapest]]. The nobility [[Hungary/Monarchs#The_Regency|re-established a monarchy]] and named Horthy as regent for [[Austria/CharlesI|Charles IV]]. Charles ever reclaiming the throne was recognized as an impossibility, both because Horthy held true power and because the [[WorldHistory/LittleEntente|Little Entente]] saw any Habsburg monarch as a threat. ---- == Occupation == ---- == Second Hungarian Republic == ---- == Hungarian People's Republic == ---- == Revolution of 1956 == ---- == Third Hungarian Republic == ---- CategoryRicottone