|
⇤ ← Revision 1 as of 2024-04-23 13:42:38
Size: 4155
Comment: Initial commit
|
Size: 4155
Comment: Fixed link and typo
|
| Deletions are marked like this. | Additions are marked like this. |
| Line 35: | Line 35: |
| [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] led hungary into [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]]. | [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] led Hungary into [[WorldHistory/WorldWar1|World War 1]]. |
| Line 71: | Line 71: |
| [[Hungary/MiklosHorthy|Horthy]] established a '''National Army''' military government centered on [[hungary/Siofok|Siófok]]. He also started a '''White Terror''' that targetted leftists and Jews. | [[Hungary/MiklosHorthy|Horthy]] established a '''National Army''' military government centered on [[Hungary/Siofok|Siófok]]. He also started a '''White Terror''' that targetted leftists and Jews. |
Hungarian Democratization
A history of Hungarian democratization.
Contents
Revolutions of 1848
In 1848, the kingdom of Hungary was held by the Austrian Empire.
...
Austria-Hungary
Franz Joseph I began to federalize the empire in 1860. The October Patent reformed the appointed reichsrat (imperial council) into a partially-elected legislature. Provincial diets were granted more autonomy.
The February Patent in 1861 superceded this. The reichsrat was again reformed, now into a bicameral elected legislature. The Herrenhaus (House of Lords) was composed of imperial archdukes, certain nobility, archbishops, and life peers. The Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) was composed of 343 members elected by provincial diets, of which Hungary was allocated 120 seats.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
World War 1
Franz Joseph I led Hungary into World War 1.
In the aftermath of the war, the nations of the Austro-Hungarian Empire scrambled for territory and independence. Recognition of Masaryk as Czechoslovak head of state accelerated the legitimacy crisis. Charles IV attempted to compromise by establing National Councils and pushing the Volkermanifest, effectively a federating of the empire, but this further acceleratee the crisis.
In October 1918, the Hungarian provincial diets entered a rapid collapse. Wekerle annulled the Austro-Hungarian Compromise and resigned. Charles hesitated to appoint a new prime minister, leaving Hungary without a government for two weeks.
First Hungary Republic
Károlyi led the Hungarian National Council. In late October 1918, amid riots and after two weeks without a government, Charles IV named János Hadik as prime minister.
Soldiers mutinied and replaced their caps with asters. Within a day, Hadik resigned and Charles was forced to recognize Karolyi instead. Tisza was assassinated the same day. This coup would become known as the Aster Revolution.
Karolyi declared the independent Hungarian People's Republic in November and began to serve as acting president.
Hungarian Soviet Republic
The KMP seized power in March 1919 and established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Sándor Garbai was named prime minister, but the de facto head of state was Kun as he maintained contact with the Kremlin.
A randomly-violent Red Terror began and suppressed all political opposition.
The republic fell when Romanian soldiers took Budapest in August 1919.
Regency
Horthy established a National Army military government centered on Siófok. He also started a White Terror that targetted leftists and Jews.
By November 1919, the National Army took Budapest. The nobility re-established a monarchy and named Horthy as regent for Charles IV. Charles ever reclaiming the throne was recognized as an impossibility, both because Horthy held true power and because the Little Entente saw any Habsburg monarch as a threat.
Occupation
Second Hungarian Republic
Hungarian People's Republic