= French Monarchs = A history of '''French monarchs'''. <> ---- == Kingdom of France == The '''kingdom of France''' emerged from the fragmenting [[WorldHistory/WestFrancia|West Francia]]. Important factions were: * the '''Vikings''' who had settled along the Seine and established the '''duchy of Normandy''' * [[UnitedKingdom/WilliamI|William the Conqueror]] was the most problematic such duke * the [[Netherlands/Democratization#Duchy_of_Burgundy_and_the_Low_Countries|house of Burgundy]] (a cadet branch of the Capetians), who held the '''duchy of Burgundy''' * the [[WorldHistory/WestFrancia#Aquitaine|house of Poitiers]], who held the '''county of Poitiers''', the '''duchy of Aquitaine''', and the '''duchy of Gascony''' '''Hugh Capet''' was elected king of the Franks in 987. The '''ancien regime''' was organized as follows: * Government by the great officers of the royal household (''maison du roi''). * Administration by appointed intendants seleted from the senior nobility (i.e., nobles of the robe, ''noblesse de robe''). * '''Louis XIV''' created the council of messages (''Conseil des dépêches'') to oversee the domestic administration. This was a less prestigious council. * Policy deliberation by council. * '''Francis I''' created the ''Conseil des affaires'', more generally known as the Upper Council (''Conseil d'en haut''). This was a very prestigious council. * Under '''Louis XV''' the council focused on foreign affairs, and became known as the ''Conseil d'État''. * Judicial deliberation by council. * Initially, judicial affairs were heard in the royal court (''Curia regis'') in which the nobility held substantial power. * By the 13th century, the judiciary was professionalized by moving deliberations from court to a specialized royal council (''Conseil du roi''). This institution was supported by a staff of jurists trained at the University of Paris, establishing a pipeline from the law school into nobility. * '''Charles VIII''' reformed the royal council and delegated judicial affairs to the new ''Grand conseil'' as a superior court. Note however there remained significant royal oversight of the judiciary: * Only the king had the power to convene the court. * '''Henry IV''' created the privy council of state (''Conseil d'État privé'', sometimes known as ''Conseil des parties'') as a supreme court. ---- == Napoleonic Empires == ---- == July Revolution == ---- == Dynasties == === Capetian === The '''House of Capet''' is synonymous with the kingdom of France. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Hugh Capet ||Hugues Capet ||987 - 996 || ||... ||... ||... || ||Philip II ||Philippe ||1180 - 1223|| ||... ||... ||... || ||Charles IV || ||1322 - 1328|| === Valois === The '''house of Valois''' was a cadet branch of the Capetians. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Philip VI ||Philippe ||1328 - 1350|| ||... ||... ||... || ||Charles VII || ||1422 - 1461|| ||... ||... ||... || ||Charles VIII || ||1483 - 1498|| ||... ||... ||... || ||Francis I ||François ||1515 - 1547|| ||... ||... ||... || ||Henry III ||Henri ||1574 - 1589|| === Bourbon === The '''house of Bourbon''' was also a cadet branch. ||'''Monarchs'''||'''Local Name'''||'''Reign'''|| ||Henry IV ||Henri ||1589 - 1610|| ||Louis XIII || ||1610 - 1643|| ||Louis XIV || ||1643 - 1715|| ||Louis XV || ||1715 - 1774|| ||Louis XVI || ||1774 - 1792|| ||Louis XVIII || ||1814 - 1824|| ||Charles X || ||1824 - 1830|| === Orléans === The '''house of Orléans''' was yet another cadet branch. After [[France/CharlesX|Charles X]] was forced to abdicate, [[France/LouisPhilippeI|Louis Philippe I]] succeeded the throne. He himself was forced to abdicate in [[France/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|1848]] and the kingdom was abolished. ||'''Monarchs''' ||'''Reign'''|| ||Louis Philippe I||1830 - 1848|| ---- CategoryRicottone