Austrian Monarchs

A history of Austrian monarchs.

Duchy of Austria

The earliest incarnation of an Austrian state was the Avar March, established by Charlemagne. It was disestablished as the Magyars advanced in the 10th century, but then re-established as the Bavarian March by Otto I.

In 976, Otto II enfeoffed Leopold I as margrave of Austria.

Leopold IV supported Conrad III against his Welf rivals and was rewarded with the confiscated duchy of Bavaria. His son, Henry II, was forced to renounce the duchy by Frederick Barbarossa, so that it could be returned to Henry XI as part of peace terms. As compensation, his margraviate was raised to the duchy of Austria.

For a significant era, the (arch)duchy of Austria, house of Habsburg, and Holy Roman Empire are practically indistinguishable. The significant alternative is the margraviate of Brandenburg.

The empire was ended through the Napoleonic Wars.

Austrian Empire

Despite the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg and Austrian regional hegemony was not interrupted. This imperial complex now took the name of Austrian Empire.

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

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Dynasties

Habsburg

The house of Habsburg held the (arch)duchy of Austria continuously and dominated the Holy Roman Empire from Frederick III until its dissolution.

Rudolf I was elected king of Germany but was never crowned emperor. Nonetheless, Rudolf II enumerated himself as such in reference to his ancestor.

Rudolf I invested Albert I as The Spanish line splits from Philip II, son of Charles V.

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