= Austrian Democratization = A history of '''Austrian democratization'''. For the less democratic side of these events, see the [[Austria/Monarchs#Austro-Hungarian_Empire|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. <> ---- == Revolutions of 1848 == Dissent reached [[Austria/Vienna|Vienna]] in early 1848; [[Austria/AlfredWindischgratz|Windischgrätz]] established a policy of martial law and brutal force. This put him at odds with city politicians and he was reassigned to govern [[Czechia/Prague|Prague]]. The '''Whitsuntide events''' erupted there in June, and the '''Vienna Uprising''' erupted in October. Windischgrätz led the repression of each uprising. There were related events within the empire in [[Hungary/Democratization#Revolutions_of_1848|Hungary]] and [[Serbia/Democratization#Occupations|Serbia]], and related international conflicts with [[WorldHistory/SecondItalianWarOfIndependence|Italy]]. [[Austria/FerdinandI|Ferdinand I]] abdicated in December and [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] became emperor. ---- == Kremsier and Imposed March Constitutions == An elected '''reichstag''' (imperial diet) was convened between July 1848 and March 1849 to draft a new constitution. Originally located in [[Austria/Vienna|Vienna]], the diet was moved to [[Czechia/Kromeriz|Kremsier]] following the imposition of matrial law there. For this reason, it also came to be known as the '''Kremsier Parliament''' and their draft of the constitution as the '''Kremsier Constitution'''. [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] preempted the diet with the '''Imposed March Constitution''', which established the absolute powers of the Austrian emperor. He established a '''reichsrat''' (imperial council) to which he appointed all members. ---- == February Patent == A conciliatory '''October Diploma''' was promulgated by [[Austria/FranzJosephI|Franz Joseph I]] in 1860. This reformed the reichsrat into a partially-elected legislature, and effectively established a federal system for the empire. Provincial diets were granted more autonomy. This failed to affect any support for the empire. The '''February Patent''' in 1861 superceded this. The reichsrat was again reformed, now into a bicameral elected legislature. The '''Herrenhaus''' (House of Lords) was composed of imperial archdukes, certain nobility, [[WorldHistory/CatholicChurch|archbishops]], and life peers. The '''Abgeordnetenhaus''' (House of Deputies) was composed of 343 politicians elected by provincial diets in the crownlands. In particular, 120 deputies were allocated to [[Hungary]]. ---- == First Republic of Austria == The '''Republic of Austria''', sometimes called the '''First Republic''', was formed by the [[WorldHistory/TreatyOfSaintGermain|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. ---- == Federal State of Austria == ---- == Anschluss == ---- == Second Republic of Austria == Simnilar to [[Germany/Democratization#Occupation|Germany]], Austria was divided into several separably-administered occupation zones. While the occupation continued, self-government under a '''Second Republic''', also formally named the '''Republic of Austria''', was allowed. ---- CategoryRicottone